unit 8 Focus on global warming

GlobalWarming•GlobalwarmingistheincreaseintheaveragetemperatureoftheEarth’snear-surfaceairandoceanssincethemid-20thcenturyanditsprojectedcontinuation.•Globalsurfacetemperatureincreased0.74+0.18°Cduringthe100yearsendingin2005.TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)concludesthatmostofthetemperatureincreasesincethemid-20thcenturyis“verylikely”duetotheincreaseinanthropogenicgreenhousegasconcentrations•Thesebasicconclusionshavebeenendorsedbyatleast30scientificsocietiesandacademiesofscience,includingallofthenationalacademiesofscienceofthemajorindustrializedcountries.Whileindividualscientistshavevoiceddisagreementwiththesefindings,theoverwhelmingwiththesefindings,theoverwhelmingmajorityofscientistsworkingonclimatechangeagreewiththeIPCC’Smainconclusions.•ElNiño/LaNiña-SouthernOscillation,orENSO,isaquasiperiodicclimatepatternthatoccursacrossthetropicalPacificOceanroughlyeveryfiveyears.TheSouthernOscillationreferstovariationsinthetemperatureofthesurfaceofthetropicaleasternPacificOcean(warmingandcoolingknownasElNiñoandLaNiñarespectively)andinairsurfacepressureinthetropicalwesternPacific.Thetwovariationsarecoupled:thewarmoceanicphase,ElNiño,accompanieshighairsurfacepressureinthewesternPacific,whilethecoldphase,LaNiña,accompanieslowairsurfacepressureinthewesternPacific.Mechanismsthatcausetheoscillationremainunderstudy.•Theextremesofthisclimatepattern'soscillations,ElNiñoandLaNiña,causeextremeweather(suchasfloodsanddroughts)inmanyregionsoftheworld.Developingcountriesdependentuponagricultureandfishing,particularlythoseborderingthePacificOcean,arethemostaffected.Inpopularusage,theElNiño-SouthernOscillationisoftencalledjustElNiño.ElNiñoisSpanishforthelittleboyandreferstotheChristchild,becauseperiodicwarminginthePacificnearSouthAmericaisusuallynoticedaroundChristmas.•厄尔尼诺（ElNinoPhenomenon）又称厄尔尼诺海流，（西班牙语：ElNino）或称圣婴现象，是秘鲁、厄瓜多尔一带的渔民用以称呼一种异常气候现象的名词。主要指太平洋东部和中部的热带海洋的海水温度异常地持续变暖，使整个世界气候模式发生变化，造成一些地区干旱而另一些地区又降雨量过多。其出现频率并不规则，但平均约每4年发生一次。基本上，如果现象持续期少于五个月，会称为厄尔尼诺情况（condition）；如果持续期是五个月或以上，便会称为厄尔尼诺事件（episode）。•厄尔尼诺在西班牙语中意为“圣婴”，因为这种气候现象通常在圣诞节前后开始发生。而其中nino在西班牙语是“男孩”之意，El是定冠词。这现象往往持续好几个月甚至1年以上，影响范围极广。厄尔尼诺相反•的自然现象称为拉尼娜（LaNina），拉尼娜就是“女孩”的意思。•1.Whatdoyouknowaboutglobalwarming?Whatisthecauseofglobalwarming?•2.Whatdoyouknowabout“greeneffect”Canyougivesomesuggestionsfortacklingit?•3.PleaselistsomeexamplesofenvironmentalpollutionAgreenhouseismadeofglassandisusedforgrowingplants,especiallyduringcoldweather.•Howdoesitwork?Para.4Theairinsideiswarmbecausetheglasstrapstheheatfromthesunandkeepsitfromescaping.Thismakesthegreenhouseheatupandsotheplantscangrowthroughoutthecoldperiod.Intheatmospheresurroundingtheearththerearegases,whicharecalled“greenhousegases”,includingcarbondioxide,methane(甲烷,沼气)andwatervapor.WhataretheGreenHousegases?Whatdoyouthinkgreenhousegasesdo?Theytrapheatfromthesunandthereforewarmtheearth.Peoplesay,“Theonewhowilldestroymankindisnotlandslide,tsunami,hurrican,earthquake,butthemankinditself!”Howdoyouunderstandthis?TextAnalysis•Thisisapopularscienceexpositorytext,theauthoradoptsclearstructure,scientificdataandconscientiouslanguagetointroducethephenomenonofglobalwarmingtothereader,andputforwardssomesuggestionsofwhattobedone.•Part1(Paras.1-2):Theauthortellsthereasonwhypeoplearenowincreasinglyconcernedabouttheglobalwarmingproblem•Part2(Paras.3-7):Ittellsustheserioussituationofglobalwarmingwithdetailedfactsandthehorribleresultsofcontinuingglobalwarming.•Part3(Paras.8-11):Theauthorputsforwardsomesuggestionsonwhattobedone.Paras.1-2:Itservesastheintroductiontothewholepassage.Inthisparttheauthormentionshowglobalwarminghasbecomeamatterofincreasingpublicconcern.•Giantasteroid:itreferstooneofthesmallplanetsmovingaroundthesunbetweentheorbitsofMarsandJupiter.InthetextitsuggeststhepossiblecollisionofourEarthwithanasteroid.•Question:Whyhavepeopleshownincreasingconcernaboutglobalwarming?•A:itisharbingerofwhatistocome–thethreattolow-lyingnations,changesofrainanddroughtpatterns,frequenthurricanesandintenseElNinos.Languagepoints•Peruse:readthroughcarefullyvt.1.细读;阅读Heperusedthedocument.他仔细阅读了文件。•造句：应聘者应在填表格前仔细阅读说明。•T:Applicantsshouldperusetheinstructionsbeforecompletingtheforms.attest•demonstrate1.证实,证明[(+to)]vi.Theluxuriousfurnishingsattestedtothefamily’swealth.•造句：历史资料和古老的陵墓都证实了这个家族过去的辉煌。•T：Historicdocumentsandancienttombstonesallattesttothepastgloriesofthefamily.•2.作为...的证明;表明[+(that)]vt.•Hisachievementsattesthisdevotiontoscience.他的成就是他对科学的献身精神的明证。Madonna•麦当娜，这个流行的象征，时尚的符号，已经陪伴了全世界四分之一个世纪。与众不同的Madonna，深深影响了流行乐的发展，流行天后简直成了麦当娜的专有名词，也许有人说她不是最伟大的，不是最优秀的，但也不得不承认她是最红，最成功的歌手之一。身为“摇滚女王”，麦当娜给摇滚乐注入了新的活力，全世界无数次为她疯狂，直到现在，麦当娜的巨星光芒依然不减，无论时代在变，一代又一代人，麦当娜证明了她的流行并不是红极一时，而是超越时间的当红。麦当娜已在20世纪和新世纪的流行乐史上烙下了深深的印记。Deserve•Beworthyof•vt.1.应受,该得[+to-v](notusedintheprogressive)•Theydeservedtobepunished.他们应该受罚。Hedeservesthisglory.他应该得到这一荣誉。•Deservinga.•1.该受赏的;应得援助的;有功的adeservingstudent应获得经济援助的学生•2.值得的[(+of)]Thepoorgirlisdeservingofsympathy.那个可怜