英国文学The-Anglo-Saxon-Period

BritishLiteratureIHistoryandSelectedReadingsofBritishLiteratureBritishLiteratureIOutlineofBritishLiterature1.Anglo-SaxonPeriod盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(449-1066)2.Anglo-NormanPeriod(MiddleAges)盎格鲁-诺曼时期(1066—1485）3.TheRenaissance文艺复兴时期（15世纪后期—17世纪初）4.The17thCentury(AgeofRevolutionandRestoration)17世纪文学5.TheEnlightenment启蒙时期（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）6.TheRomanticism浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）7.TheCriticalRealism批判现实主义时期（19世纪30年代-1918）8.TheModernPeriod现代主义时期（1918-1945）9.ContemporaryEnglishLiterature当代文学（1945—至今）BritishLiteratureITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod(449A.D.-1066A.D.)BritishLiteratureIContentsII.CharacteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLiteratureAnglo-SaxonPoetryIII.IV.Anglo-SaxonProseV.AssignmentsTheHistoricalBackgroundI.BritishLiteratureII.HistoricalBackgroundBritishLiteratureI1.TheBritonsTheEnglishpeoplearenotofoneoriginbutamixedblood.BritonsEarlyInhabitantsBritainatribeofCeltsthelandofBritonsprimitivepeopleclusteringofhutstribalsocietyBritishLiteratureI2.TheRomanConquest55B.C.JuliusCaesar,theRomanconquerorBritonsfoughtfiercelyBritainwasundercontrolcompletelybytheRomanEmpirein78A.D.BritishLiteratureI1.Britons,trodden(trampled)downasslavesorcultivatorsoftheland2.TheRomanmodeoflifecameacrosstoBritainwiththeConquestBuildingsofRomanstyleforRomanconquerorsHighwaysorRomanroadsformilitarypurposesTownsbuiltE.g.LondonChristianityintroducedInfluencesoftheRomanConquestBritishLiteratureIbeginningof5thcentury:decliningoftheRomanEmpireIn410A.D.Romanswithdrew.400yearsofoccupationBritishLiteratureIAftertheRomanConquest,swarmsofpiratescametoinvadefromNorthernEurope.AnglesSaxonsJutes7th.CUnitedintoOneKingdom7smallkingdomspeople:EnglishEngland:Angle-landLanguage:Anglo-Saxon︾OldEnglish盎格鲁人撒克逊人朱特人3.TheEnglish/Anglo-SaxonConquestBritishLiteratureI4.SocialConditionoftheAnglo-Saxonsbeforethesettlementafterthesettlementthetribalsocietyfamiliesunitedbykinship(血族关系)chiefsandwarriorschief’sbread;thebooty(plunder战利品)poweroflifeanddeath;closerelationshiporgansofstatekingship(君王统治)themilitarycommanderTheAnglo-SaxonPeriodwitnessedaTransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.BritishLiteratureI5.TheAnglo-SaxonreligiousbeliefTheAnglo-Saxonswereheathen(异教徒)people,believinginoldmythologyofNorthernEurope.EnglishlanguagewasinfluencedbytheNorthernmythology.BritishLiteratureIIn597St.AugustinefromRomebroughtChristianity.Within100yearsthewholeEnglandwasChristianized.Heathenpeoplewiththeirpaganismwithdrewtoremoteareas.AmixtureofpaganismandChristianityexistedintheAnglo-Saxonsociety.Themonksinthemonasteriesmaintainedtotingetheearliestworkswhencopiedthem.TheAnglo-SaxonreligiousbeliefBritishLiteratureIAnglo-SaxonWomanTheevidenceofwhatAnglo-Saxonwomenworecomesfromillustratedmanuscriptsandtapestries.Ingeneraltheircostumesconsistedofalinenunderdress,andanoverdressmadeofwoolorheavylinen.Theyworeawimpleandveil.Pictured:Ladyoftheninthcentury,fromJosephStrutt,publishedoriginallyinEnglandin1862.CountessJudithofflanders,fromtheBayeuxtapestry.BritishLiteratureIAnglo-SaxonMaleAnglo-Saxonmalesworetunicswithtrimandtightfittingbraiseorpants.Theyworewoolcloaksthatwerefastenedwithpins.GreatsealofEdwardtheConfessorpictured.BritishLiteratureIWeaponsInearlyAnglo-Saxontimesthesword(suchastheexamplesonthebelow)wasbyandlargealmostparallelsideddowntothetip,whereitthentaperedtoapoint;althoughtaperingbladessimilartolateSaxonandVikingswordswerenotunknownatthatpoint.Theseearlyswordsusuallyhadpommelsandcrossguardsmadeupoflayersoforganicmaterialsuchaswood,boneorhorn;whichwereoftensandwiched,embellishedwith,orevencompletelycoveredby,bronze,goldandsilver.Someexampleswereeveninlaidwithgarnetstrappedinseparatecells,orweredecoratedwithenamel.Someswordsalsohadaringattachedtotheupperguard,thattobeginwithwasatruering,butlaterbecamebastardisedintoavestigialringsuchasthatontheSuttonHoosword.Theirpurposeisunclear,althoughtheymayhaverepresentedsomespecialhonourbestowedonthesword'sowner.BritishLiteratureIBritishLiteratureIEarlyEnglishArchitectureTheBuildingsoftheAnglo-SaxonsBritishLiteratureIBritishLiteratureIⅡ.CharacteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLiterature●Thereweretwoliterarydivisions:onewaspaganandtheotherwasreligious.Andthemainliteraryformsarepoetryandprose,andpoetrywasinoralform.BritishLiteratureIThreecharacteristics:●1.Anglo-Saxonliteratureisalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.●2.TherearetwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod—pagan(世俗诗)andreligious（宗教诗）poetry.PaganpoetrywasrepresentedbyBeowulfwhilereligiouspoetrywasrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf(基涅武甫）.●3.Inthe8thcentury,Anglo-Saxonproseappeared.ThefamousprosewritersofthatperiodwereVenerableBede（比德）andAlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗烈德大王）.BritishLiteratureIⅢ.Anglo-SaxonPoetry●1.PaganPoetry（世俗诗）●Thepaganpoetry,alsocalledsecularpoetry,doesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrineandemphasizesontheharshnessofcircumstanceandthehelplessnessofhumansbeforethepoweroffate.Beowulfistherepresentative.●2.ReligiousPoetry（宗教诗）●ThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaga