中国法律指导手册--童工、未成年工和学生工

香港逸岸咨询有限公司瑞联稚博（北京）咨询有限公司中国法律指导手册——童工、未成年工和学生工UNDERAGE,JUVENILE&STUDENTWORKERSALEGALGUIDEFORBUSINESSINCHINA©INFACT&CCRCSR,20122法律指导手册特别鸣谢广州中山大学法学院黄巧燕老师香港逸岸咨询有限公司INFACTGlobalPartnersLtd.‐solutions.com瑞联稚博（北京）咨询有限公司CenterforChildRightsandCorporateSocialResponsibility©INFACT&CCRCSR,20123法律指导手册前言Foreword在中国，劳动力短缺的局面正在加剧，人手不足正成为许多中国工厂面临的严重挑战。为了缓解用工压力，部分工厂雇佣未成年工（16-18岁）的比重在持续上升，还有一些工厂选择使用学生工或者实习生来满足生产需要，因此而导致工厂使用童工（16岁以下）的风险日益增大。ThelaborshortageinChinaisgrowingandisexpectedtocontinuetoposesignificantchallengesforfactoriesandcompanies.Toaddressthisissue,moreandmorefactoriesinChinaareemployinganincreasingproportionofjuvenileworkers(betweentheagesof16-18yearsold)andothersarerecruitingstudentworkersorinternstofillthelaborshortage.在我们工作的过程中以及第一次关于未成年工和学生工的培训中，我们发现跨国公司和中国工厂都缺乏一份综合性的法律手册来指导他们这方面的工作。IntheworkthatINFACTandCCRCSRhasdoneworkingwithcompaniesonstudentworkers,internsandjuvenileworkers,ithasbecomeclearthatinternationalbrandsandretailersaswellasChineseemployerslackedacomprehensivelegalguideontheseissue.为了帮助企业更好地为年轻劳动力提供保护，瑞联稚博（北京）咨询有限公司以及香港逸岸咨询有限公司联合中山大学的劳动法专家黄巧燕老师共同起草了一份法律指导手册。Tohelpthecompaniesofferbetterprotectionforagrowingyoungworkforce,CCRCSRandINFACTjoinedeffortswithanotedlecturerandlaborlawexpertHuangQiaoyanfromtheSchoolofLawofSunYatSenUniversitytodevelopthisLegalGuide.这份法律指导手册涵盖了与童工、未成年工和学生工有关的内容，共分为四个部分。第一部分详细介绍了与年轻劳动力相关的全国性法律法规；第二部分介绍了部分省份的地方性法规，如江苏和广东；第三部分通过案例分析，帮助读者更好地理解法律在实践中的应用。ThisLegalGuidecoversthelawsrelatingtochildlabor,juvenileworkersandstudentworkersandconsistsof4sections.Section1,NationalLawsandRegulations,providesdetailsofthenationallawsrelatedtoyoungworkforce.Section2,LawsandRegulationsatProvincialLevel,introduceslocalregulations,forexamplefromJiangsuandGuangdong.Section3helpsthereadertobetterunderstandthelegalcomplexitiesthroughdifferentcases.这份法律指导手册并不能解答公司在招聘和管理年轻工人时面临的所有法律问题。我们希望继续跟进相关法律的发展，并对手册做出适时调整。TheLegalGuidecannotresolvealllegalissuesthatcompaniesmayfacewhenrecruitingyoungworkersorwhenimplementingacomprehensivehumanresourceprogramtoensureallhiringandemploymentpracticesofsuchworkerscomplywithChineselaw.Wewill,however,continuetofollowupthelatestdevelopmentoftherelevantlawsandupdatethisGuidefromtimetotime.遵守法律法规，拒绝使用童工，妥善为未成年工和实习生提供特殊保护，善待他们，不仅能降低企业的风险，也是保障企业可持续发展的负责任的商业行为。WehopethatthisLegalGuideprovidesinternationalbrandsandretailersaswellastheirChinesesupplychainpartnerswithacomprehensiveresourcetoolthatcanhelpguidetheireffortstocomplywiththelaw,topreventchildlabor,andalsotoensurethatspecialprotectionsareprovidedtojuvenile,studentandinternworkers–theresultofwhichleadstoimprovedhumanresourcepractices,highercompliancelevelsandbetterprotectionofyoungworkers.INFACTGlobalPartnersCCRCSR香港逸岸咨询有限公司瑞联稚博（北京）咨询有限公司©INFACT&CCRCSR,20124法律指导手册EnglishExecutiveSummaryThisLegalGuideprovidespragmaticdirectionontheuseofyoungworkersintheworkforce.TheprimaryaudienceofthisLegalGuideincludesmulti-nationalbrandsandretailersaswellastheirChinesefactorypartners.ThisGuideattemptstoclarifyChineselegalstandardsregardingyoungworkers—childlabor,juvenileworkersandstudentworkers.Forfactories,thisGuideattemptstoinformfactoriesonhowtoemployyoungworkers,whereapplicable,legallyandinawaythatprotectstheirhealth,educationandwell-being.Itemphasizeshowfactoriesshouldprotectyoungworkersbysettingupappropriatemanagementsystemsandinternalcontrols.Also,itprovidestoolsandcheckliststohelpfactoriesimplementandcheckthesystemtoensureitisprotectingyoungworkersaccordingtothelawandtoindustrybestpractices.AsmostpeopleworkinginChinaknow,theminimumageofemploymentis16yearsold.Assuch,anyoneemployingaworkerundertheageof16violateswellestablishedchildlaborlawsinChinaandrunstheriskthattheirbusinesswillbepenalizedorterminatedbybuyerswithcodesofconductpreventingtheuseofunderageworkers.Inadditiontodiscussingtheissueofchildlaborandhowtopreventtheemploymentofunderageworkers,thisGuidealsodiscussesthespecialprotectionsthatmustbeprovidedaccordingtoChineselawforjuvenileworkers(thoseaged16-18).Chineselawstrictlyregulatesthetypeofjobs,workinghoursandlaborintensityofjuvenileworkers.Factoriesshouldprotectthemwithspecialhealthandsafetymeasuressuchasregularbodychecksandjobpositionswheretheirhealthandwell-beingcanbeprotected..ThisGuidealsotalksaboutspecificmanagementsystemsfactoriesshouldestablishtotrackandprotectalljuvenileworkers.AnotherimportanttopicdiscussedinthisGuiderelatestotheemploymentofstudentorinternworkers.Asmanycompanieshavelearnedrecently,locallegalrequirementsregardingstudentworkersvaryandsomeissuesrelatingtoschoolfees,onthejobtraining,andworkinghoursaremorecomplicatedthantheyoriginallythought.Forexample,“studentworker”isnotalegalconceptwithinChinalaw.Therearerespectivelawsapplicabletowork-studyprogramsandinternships.Althoughtherelationshipbetweenfactoriesandstudentworkersisnotanemploymentrelationship,factoriesareobligatedtosigncontractswithbothschoolandstudent(ortheirparents)andprotectthemaccordingtolawandthecontract.Also,studentworkers’effortsshouldbecompensatedfairlyandreasonablyiftheypracticein-pos