辨析-damage--destroy--ruin--spoil

辨析damage,destroy,ruindamagevt.损害,毁坏n.损害;损失;赔偿金(damages);费用(口语中)destroyvt.（destroys;destroyed,~;destroying）毁坏,破坏;杀死,消灭;打破(希望、计划)ruinvt.毁坏;使毁灭;使成废墟；糟蹋、弄糟；n.毁坏;毁灭;遗迹,断垣残壁，废墟(ruins);spoilvt.破坏，毁掉，糟蹋（与ruin同义，但语气不如ruin强）;宠坏，溺爱（spoil为高考大纲外的词）①damage指部分损坏、损害、破坏或指使用价值有所降低。它可以用作动词,也可以用作名词,用作名词时常与tosomething连用。例如:Hundredsofhousesintheareaweredamagedbythestorm.暴风雨毁坏了这个地区数以百计的房屋。Theaccidentdidalotofdamagetohiscar.这次车祸使他的车受到很大的损坏。②destroy只能用作动词,指彻底破坏,以致不可能修复,常作破坏、毁灭解,也可以指打破（希望、计划）、毁掉（信心、信念）。有时用于修辞。例如:Theearthquakedestroyedalmostthewholetown.地震几乎毁灭了整个城镇。Hishopeofbeingawriterwasdestroyed.他想成为一个作家的希望破灭了。Theheavyraindestroyedourhopeofapicnic.大雨将我们野餐的希望打破了。③ruin表示破坏严重,以致不能修复,但这种破坏不像destroy那样毁灭某物。用作动词时,它作使毁灭、使崩溃、弄糟、搞砸、糟蹋等，常用于修辞，表示美好的东西的破坏(ruin≧destroy);用作名词时,它表示毁灭、“破产”、瓦解、废墟(ruins)等抽象概念。例如:Thefireruinedthecastle.那场大火使城堡夷为废墟。Theheavyrainruinedourholiday.大雨彻底毁了我们的假期。Thehousehasfallenintoruins.房子倒塌了。Thecompanyisfacingruin.这家公司面临破产。练习：1.Thebridgewasbadly_________bytheflood.2.Everythinghasgoneto______.3.Thefloodcausedserious________.4.Thehousehasfalleninto_______.Thehouseisnowin_______.5.Smokingwill____________yourhealth.6.Allmyhopeswere________byhisletterofrefusal.7.He_______hisprospects(前程)bycarelessness.8.Hepaid$5000in________fortheaccident.9.Theearthquake_________almosttheentirecity.10.Thecarwasonlyslightly_________intheaccident.11.It’sapitythatthesmallagreementshould_____theirfriendship.(should用法见维克多P394)12.Thebadweather____________ourtrip.13.Indoingsohe___________hischancesofgettingthejob.14.Thestormcausedgreat_______tothecountry.15.They’ve_________alltheevidence.16.Thehousewascompletely__________byfire.