写作教程第二版(邹申)-Unit-6

MadebyPizza.CUnit6Nature&ThoughtMadebyPizza.CUnitObjectivesDefinitionofDefinitionFunctionofDefinitionFeaturesofDefinitionOrganizationofDefinitionHowtochooserightexamplesTransitionalphrasesMadebyPizza.CDefinitionofDefinitionSometimes,toavoidconfusionormisunderstanding,wehavetodefineaword,term,orconceptwhichisunfamiliartomostreadersoropentovariousinterpretations.Definitioncanbefoundinalmostallexpositoryorpersuasivewritings.(scientificessays,textbooks,dictionaries,encyclopediaarticles,newstories,manuals,governmentpublicationsandsoon.)Itanswersthequestions:Whatisit?Whatareitslimitsorboundaries?MadebyPizza.CQuestionsPrideWhat’sthedefinitionof“pride”inadictionary?AccordingtoWebsterDictionary“pride”isdefinedas“arrogance,loftiness,conceit,self-respect,dignity,andvaluingoneself.”Is“pride”apositiveornegativeconcept?Asasin:condemnedasthecauseofmistakesandunhappiness;leadingtoexcessivebragging;keepingpeoplefromseeingtheirownfaults;dangerousAsastrength:praisedasessentialtosuccessWhatdoyouthinkoftheconceptof“pride”?Itissomethingbetweenanemotionandanopinion;afeelingofdignityandself-respect;modestemotionbasedonajustifiedorreasonableopinion.Canyoucitesomeexamples?Prideinone’scountry;Davishadtosalvagehispride;Hispridemaystillbehisdownfall.Whatcanyouconcludeabout“pride”?Prideissomethingapersonmustachievebyhimself;ithelpspeopletofeelgoodaboutthemselves,theirfamilies,ortheirachievements.Prideisnot,initself,eithergoodorbad.Everythingdependsontheamountofprideonefeels,onthebasisofone’spride,andonthewayoneexpressesone’spride.MadebyPizza.CTointroduceanewtermToexplainajargoninsomeacademicdisciplineTomakeclearsomeabstract,controversialorcomplicatedpointinargumentTomakeourselvesbetterunderstoodineverydayaffairsFunctionofDefinitionDefinitionis,therefore,averyimportantformofexpositorywriting,astrategywhichcanbeusedandfoundinalmostallkindsofwritings.Withoutcleardefinitions,needlessdisputes,disagreementsandmisunderstandingscanarise.MadebyPizza.CSample1–P57TermClassCharacteristicstornadowindupside-down,spinningcone,highlydestructiverainforestforesttropicalarea,lotsofrainThedefinitioninSample1arequitebrief,theycontain3basicelements:1.Thetermtobedefined2.Thegeneralgrouporclassthetermbelongsto3.ThedistinguishingcharacteristicsofthemMadebyPizza.CThereare3basicwaystodefineawordoraterm:1.giveasynonym2.touseasentence(oftenwithaattributivesentence)3.towriteaparagraphorevenanessay.FeaturesofDefinitionCertainprinciples1.AvoidcirculardefinitionsDemocracyisthedemocraticprocess.Anastronomerisonewhostudiesastronomy.2.AvoidlonglistsifsynonymsByimagination,Imeanthepowertoformmentalimagesofobject;thepowertoformnewideas;thegiftofemployingimagesinwriting;….3.AvoidloadeddefinitionsBystateenterpriseImeanhighcostandpoorefficiency.MadebyPizza.CMadebyPizza.CPitfallsandstrategies–P611.Agooddefinition.Todefinetheterm,thewriterrelatesittosomethingfamiliaroralreadyknown.2.Notagooddefinition.Ittendstogoincircles.3.Notagooddefinition.Thetermisnotadequatelydifferentiatedfromothersimilarfeelings.4.Agooddefinition.Asynonymisused,whichismorefamiliar.5.Agooddefinition.Itdefinesbygivingabriefexplanation.6.Notagooddefinition.Itusesanexampletoserveasadefinition,butitdoesnotreallydothejobofdefiningbyputtingtheterminaclassorcategoryandthendifferentiatingitfromothersinthatcategory.MadebyPizza.C1.Theparagraphmainlyoffersinformation.2.Tornadosusuallyoccur(when)onahot,stickydaywithsouthwindsandanominoussky.…(shape)slendertwistingfunnelsaveragingnomorethan400yardswide.Tornadosmaybeaccomplishedbysheetlightning.…(color)black,brownoroccasionallywhite.Tornadosmaysoundlikearoarofhundredsofjetplanesorthousandsofrailroadcars.…(result)buildingstoexplode.…(duration)averyshorttime.Tornadoscanbedefinedasakindofwhirling,highlydestructivewindstorm.Sample2(paragraphA)–P57-58MadebyPizza.C3.“Tornado”isdefinedmainlythroughprocessanalysisoftheterm,thatistosay,bydescribingwhere,when,howitoccurs,andbydescribingitsshape,sound,effectsandduration.Besides,othermethodssuchasdescription,exemplification,narration,causesandeffects,comparisonareemployed.MadebyPizza.CParagraphB–P581.Thefirstsentence.2.“woodedarea”,“heavyandfrequentrains”3.“Woodedarea”Thesentencesdiscusstheplaceswherethesewoodedareaexist,thekindsoftreesinthem,additionalcharacteristicsofthetreesandothergrowthsinthearea.4.No,sentence5isnotjustabout“woodedarea”.Thesentencetiesthe2ideasofthecompoundtermtogether.5.Sentences6and7setoutanexampleofaparticularrainforest,namely,ElYunque.UnlikesentencedefinitioninSample1,thedefinitioninSample2isaslongasoneparagraph,andthiskindofdefinitionisknownasextendeddefinition.InParagraphB,basedonabriefexplanationofthesubject“rainforest”atthebeginning,thewritertriestoelaborateonthetwowords“rain”and“forest”throughextensivedescriptionoftheirdistinctivefeatures,andwindsupbycitingaspecificexampleoftheconcept.MadebyPizza.CSample3P59–ParagraphA1.Itisdefinedbroadly.Thefirstsentenceservesasthetopicsentence.2.Thetermluckisdefinedinthetopicsentence.Thentomakeclearinamorecompleteandformalwayhispersonalunderstandingoftheconcept,thew