基医专外学-Musculoskeletal-system1-PPT精品文档75页

1MusculoskeletalsystemProfessionalenglishofmedicine讲授内容、章节骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤（cancer）干细胞血液与免疫系统凋亡心血管系统泌尿系统DNA克隆内分泌系统神经系统3Themusculoskeletalsystem(alsoknownasthelocomotorsystem)consistsofthebones,joints,cartilage,muscles,ligaments,andtendons.becomposedofWateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.RootsformusculoskeletalsystemROOTMEANINGoste/obonemyel/obonemarrowchondr/ocartilageten/o,tendin/otendonmy/omusclearthr/ojointEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE′Osteolyticdestroyingordissolvingbone′myeloblastimmaturebonemarrowcellchondroma′laciasofteningofcartilagete′norrhaphysutureofatendonmyo′sitis*inflammationofmusclear′throsisjoint;conditionaffectingajoint56Primaryfunctionsofthemusculoskeletalsystemincludesupportofthebody,provisionofmotion,andprotectionofvitalorgans.AbodyorganthatisessentialforlifeSynonyms:vitalsvi′talityn.活力,生命力vitalizevt.给与...生命力vitalizationn.赋予生命7Themusculoskeletalsystemreferstothesystemhavingitsmusclesattachedtoaninternalskeletalsystemandisnecessaryforhumanstomovetoamorefavorableposition.internal：内部的external：外部的8Thebonesprovidethestabilitytoabody.Muscleskeepbonesinplaceandalsoplayaroleinmovementofthebones.Toallowmotion,differentbonesareconnectedbyjoints.9Cartilagepreventstheboneendsfromrubbingdirectlyontoeachother.Musclescontract(bunchup)tomovetheboneattachedatthejoint.Contract：收缩Relax：舒张diastole：心脏舒张Systole：心脏收缩10TheSkeletalSystemHumansarebornwithabout300to350bones,however,manybonesfusetogetherbetweenbirthandmaturity.Asaresultanaverageadultskeletonconsistsof206bones.11Thehumanskeletoniscomposedofbothfusedandindividualbonessupportedbyligaments,tendons,musclesandcartilage.Itisacomplexstructurewithtwodistinctdivisions.Thesearetheaxialskeletonandtheappen′dicularskeleton.Appendix：阑尾；附录【pl.】appendicesAppendiceal：阑尾的Appendage：附属物Appendicle：小附属物Appendicular：附属物的，四肢的FIGURE1.Theskeleton.Theaxialskeletonisshowninyellow;theappendicularskeletonisshowninblue.13ThetypeofboneTherearefivegeneralclassificationsofbones.Thesearelongbones,shortbones,flatbones,irregularbones,andsesamoidbones.14a.Longbonesarelongerthantheyarewide.b.Shortbonesarecubeshaped;theirlengthsandwidthsareaboutequal.c.Flatbonesareplatelikeandhavebroadsurfaces.d.Irregularboneshavevariedshapeswithmanyplacesforconnectionswithotherbones.e.sesamoidbonesarecircular.15LongbonesLongbonesareslightlycurvedforstrength.Acurvedboneisstructurallydesignedtoabsorbthestressofthebodyweightatseveraldifferentpointssothestressisevenlydistributed,16ifsuchboneswerestraight,theweightofthebodywouldbeunevenlydistributedandthebonewouldeasilyfracture.Examplesoflongbonesincludebonesofthethighs,legs,toes,arms,forearms,andfingers.指骨趾骨胫骨腓骨股骨桡骨肱骨humerusUlna尺骨radiusphalangesfemurfibulaTibia18ShortbonesShortbonesaresomewhatcube-shapedandnearlyequalinlengthandwidth.Theirtextureisspongyexceptatthesurface,wherethereisathinlayerofcompactbone.Examplesofshortbonesarethewristandanklebones.腕骨跗骨carpalstarsals20FlatbonesFlatbonesaregenerallythinandcomposedoftwomoreorlessparallelplatesofcompactboneenclosingalayerofspongybone.21Flatbonesaffordconsiderableprotectionandprovideextensiveareasformuscleattachment.Examplesofflatbonesincludethecranialbones(whichprotectthebrain),thesternumandribs(whichprotectorgansinthethorax),andthescapulae.肩胛骨胸骨craniumsternumscapula颅骨23Irregularboneshavecomplexshapes.Theyalsovaryintheamountofspongyandcompactbonepresent.Suchbonesincludethevertebraeandcertainfacialbones.Vertebra：椎骨Vertebrae：复数Vertebral：椎骨的，脊椎的24Sesamoidbonesaresmallbonesintendonswhereconsiderablepressuredevelops,forinstance,inthewrist.These,likesuturalbones,arealsovariableinnumber.Twosesamoidbones,thepatellas(kneecaps)arepresentinallindividuals.25TheSkeletalSystemservesmanyimportantfunctions.Support:Theskeletonprovidestheshapeandformforthebodyand,assuch,itsupportssofttissuesandprovidesapointofattachmentformanymuscles.26Protection:TheSkeletalSystemservesasaframeworkfortissuesandorganstoattachthemselvesto.Thissystemactsasaprotectivestructureforvitalorgans.Forexample,thebrainisprotectedbythecranialbones,thespinalcordbythevertebrae,theheartandlungsbytheribcage,andinternalreproductiveorgansbythepelvicbones.27Movement:Bonesserveasleverstowhichmusclesareattached.Whenthemusclescontract,thebonesactasleversproducemovement.28Mineralstorage:Bonesstoreseveralmineralsthatcanbedistributedtootherpartsofthebodyondemand.Theprincipalstoredmineralsarecalciumandphosphorus.Sodium钠Potassium钾Magnesium镁Ferri铁Zinc锌Sulfur硫Chlorine氯29Bloodcellproduction:Redmarrowincertainbonesiscapableofproducingbloodcells,aprocesscalledhematopoiesisorhemopoiesis.hem/o,hemat/oMeaningbloodEg：hemorrhagehemoglobin，hemolysishematuria30Redmarrowconsistsofbloodcellsinimmaturestages,fatcells,andmacrophages.Redmarrowproducesredbloodcells,somewhitebloodcells,andplatelets.31MuscularsystemThehumanbodyhasmorethan600majormuscles.About240ofthemhavespecificnames.Ingeneral,musclesareclassifiedintothreetypes—cardiac,skeletal,andsmooth.32Onlyskeletalandsmoothmusclesarepartofthemusculoskeletalsystemandonlytheskeletalmusclescanmovethebody.33Skeletalmusclesareat