人工智能与神经网络笔记

LectureNotesonAI&NNChapter1IntroductiontoIntelligenceTheorySection2IntelligenceTheory&InformationScienceBasicDefinitionsInformation:Thestate,thewaythestatechangesKnowledge:Thestates,therulethestateschangeIntelligence:Theabilitytoobtaintherelatedinformationtoprocesstheinformationforknowledgetoproducetheintelligentstrategyforsolvingtheproblemundertheenvironmentandachievingthegoal.WhyisITrelatedtoIS?InformationRefiningKnowledgeActivationInformationKnowledgeIntelligenceInformationistherawmaterialontheworldKnowledgeisaspecialproductofinformationprocessingIntelligenceistheactivationofknowledge(information)InformationTransferringInformationTransferringInformationProc.&Regen.InformationExecutionInformationAcquisitionProbleminRealWorldWhyisITrelatedtoIS?InformationKnowledgeIntelligentStrategyGoalLectureNotesonAI&NNChapter1IntroductionSection3ApplicationsofIntelligenceTheoryIntelligentCommunicationNetworksIntelligentComputerIntelligentControlIntelligentInformationServicesonInternetHomeWorks:1.Distinguishthefollowingconcept:information,knowledge,intelligence.2.Listpossibleapplicationsofintelligencetheoryinyourownfield.3.Howdoyouthinkoftherelationshipbetweenintelligencetheoryandinformationscience?LectureNotesonAI&NNChapter2MathematicalPreparationSection1PropositionalLogicSection2PredicateLogicSection3UnificationofExpressionsSection4ConversionofWffintoClausesSection5FormalLanguage&AutomataLectureNotesonAI&NNChapter3InformationAcquisitionSection1ManualApproachSection2PatternRecognitionSection3NeuralNetworksSection4MachineLearningLectureNotesonAI&NNChapter4InformationRepresentationAGeneralIntroductionObjectives:1.Maketheinformationconvenienttouse2.MakeitrecognizabletomachinesRequirements:1.Powerfulinexpression2.Easytobeunderstoodbymachine3.ConvenienttobemanipulatedTheKeyPointsofRepresentation:Thestatesandthewayofstatesvaryingshouldbesuitablyrepresented.Section1LogicApproachBothpropositionalandpredicatelogiccanbeused.Thelatterishowevermorepowerfulthantheformer.Examples:RobotTableATableBTheAlcoveBoxSituationRepresentation1)AT(ROBOT,ALCOVE)EMPTYHANDED(ROBOT)ON(BOX,A)TABLE(A)TABLE(B)2)AT(ROBOT,A)HOLDS(ROBOT,BOX)TABLE(A)TABLE(B)OperationRepresentationPickupBoxfromACondition:ON(BOX,A)AT(ROBOT,A)EMPTYHANDED(ROBOT)Delete:EMPTYHANDED(ROBOT)ON(BOX,A)Add:HOLDS(BOX)ActionSeries(Plan)Representation“AskingrobotatalcovetomoveboxfromA”HomeworkRepresent&solvethegivenproblembylogicapproachTheMonkey&BananasProblemAhungrymonkeyfindshimselfinaroominwhichabunchofbananasishangingfromtheceiling.Themonkey,unfortunately,cannotreachthebananas.However,intheroomthereisalsoadesk.Theceilingisjusttherightheightsothatamonkeystandingonadeskcouldknockthebananasdown.Whatisthebestsequenceofactionsforthemonkeytotakethebananas?Section2StateSpace,Graph,&SemanticNet2-1StateSpaceExamplesThehealthinformationcanberepresentedbybodytemperature,bloodpressure,complexion,numberofwhite-blood-cell,…Thenationdevelopmentcanberepresentedbyoutputofindustry,outputofagriculture,educationindex,expensesindex,…AGeneralformofstate-space-mapping{S},F,{G}Example:Thegameofcoinsturning-overSupposethatonehas3coinswithSandGgiven.Itisallowedtoturn1pieceofthecoinsoveratatime.IsitpossibletotransformthecoinsfromStoGin3turnings?+--+++---StartStateSGoalStatesG001101111011010110100000f1f2f1f3f1f2f1f3f2f2f3f32#=S7#=G0#=G1#5#3#6#4#Homeworks:TheMissionaries&CannibalsProblemsThreemissionaries(Ms)andthreecannibals(Cs)happentomeetononesideofariver.Theyallwanttogettotheotherside.Unfortunately,thereisonlyoneboatavailablewhichcancarriestwopeopleatatime.Itisawell-knownrulethatwheneverthenumberofMsislessthanthatofCs,theMswillbeeatenbyCs.TheproblemisnowthathoweveryonecangetacrosstheriverwithoutMsbeingeaten.