paraphrase-+summary

Paraphrase释意法ThedistinctionbetweenparaphraseandsummaryAparaphraseisarestatementoftheauthor’sideasinaboutthesamenumberofwords.Asummaryisasynthesisoftheoriginalmaterialinyourownwords.DefinitionParaphrase:usingsomeone’sideas,butputtingtheminyourownwords.theskillyouwillusemostwhenincorporatingsourcesintoyourwriting.Althoughyouuseyourownwordstoparaphrase,youmuststillacknowledgethesourceoftheinformation.Well-doneparaphrasing1.nottoomanywordsfromthesource;2.asclosetotheoriginalsourceinmeaningaspossible,butwithouttoomanysamewords;3.easier,moresimple;4.noneedtoparaphrasetermsWaystoparaphrase1.Useasynonymofawordorphrase同义词2.Changetheorderofinformation改变顺序3.Changefromtheactivetothepassiveorviceversa主动被动4.Changethepositiveintothenegativeandviceversa改变正负5.Changepersonalnounsintoimpersonalnounsandviceversa个人名词换成客观名词6.Changecomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesandviceversa换成简单句7.Changepartofspeechdependingonwordformation词性Whatstrategieshaveemployed?(1)Studiesshowedthattheywerebornwithsomethingspecial.Studiesrevealedthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal.(2)Cognitivedevelopmentdependsonthechildren’sculture.Thechildren’scultureaffectstheircognitivedevelopment.(3)Peopleareincreasinglyinterestedinnaturalfoodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditives.Interesthasgrowninnaturalfoods:foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditives.synonymChangetheorderofinformationChangepersonalnounsintoimpersonalnouns4.ThereisgeneralagreementamongEuropeanleadersthattotalunificationofEuropeancountrieswouldstrengthentheeconomicstabilityoftheentireregion.EuropeanleadersgenerallyagreethatifEuropeancountrieswouldunify,therewouldbeamorestableeconomy.5.NooneknowshowmanyCEOssufferfromalcoholismanddrugabuse,butestimatesrunashighas30.TheestimatedpercentageofCEOswhoarealcoholicsandabusedrugsisupto30%.(changesubject:impersonaltopersonal)(changesubject:personaltoimpersonal)6.Attitudestowardtheelderlyarechangingdramaticallyasbabyboomersgrowolder.Formanyyearstheelderlywereseenaslessusefuloncetheyreachedretirementage.However,newresearchpointstotheincreasedproductivityofolderagedworkers,eventhosewhoareintheir80sand90s.Newresearchindicatesthatolderagedworkersareproductive,evenintotheir80sand90s.Asaresult,attitudestowardtheelderlyarechangingdramaticallyfromtheviewthattheelderlywerenolongerusefuloncetheyretired.(changeorder/synonym)Paragraph:paraphraseSteps1.readoverthegivensourceatleast2times;2.writeanoutlineinyourownwords3.checkyourparaphrasebyaskingthefollowingquestions:(1)Istheauthor'snameindicatedintheparaphrase?(2)Aretheretoomanysamewords?(3)Isthecomprehensioncorrect?(4)Easierorharder?(5)Istheauthor'stoneorattitudecorrectlyparaphrased?SampleRecentresearchhasdeterminedthathumanstendtofallintooneoffourquadrantsaccordingtotheirlearningstyles.QuarantOnelearnerstendtobedivergentthinkersandneedpersonalandemotionalinvovlementinorderforlearningtotakeplace.Asideapeople,theyfunctionthroughsocialintegrationandstrivetobringunitytodiversity.QuadrantTwolearnersareassimilators,needingsystematiclearningviaalogicalandintellectualapproach.Asanalyticallearners,theyreflectonideastocreateconceptsandmodels.QuadrantThreelearnerstendtobeconvergentthinkerswhoarepractical,problem-orientedpeople.Pragmaticdecisionmakers,theyrestrictjudgementtoconcretethings.QuadrantFourlearnersareaccommodatorsneedingrandompatternsoflearning.Theyaimtobringactiontoconceptsandexerciseauthoritythroughcommonvision,hesitatingtomakedecisionsaffectingothers.OutlineHumanstendtofallintooneoffourquadrantsaccordingtotheirlearningstyle.A.QuadrantOnelearners_devergentthinkers_functionandstriveB.QuadrantTwolearners-systematiclearning-reflectonideasC.QuadrantThreelearners-convergentthinkers-restrictjudgmentD.QuadrantFourlearners-accommodators-bringactiontoconceptsandexerciseauthorityParaphrasing:Aslearners,wefallintofourgroups.Thefirstgroupofthelearnersneedtobecaughtupinanideaphysicallyandpersonally.Hispersonalconcernforothersmakehimseekharmony.Thesecond....Thethird....Thefourth...Summarizing提要法Whatisasummary?Abriefreviewofapieceofwrittenmaterial.ItshouldalwaysbeshorterthantheoriginalWhatkindofinformationshouldbeinasummary?Mainideas,importantsupportinginformationNotincludedetailsoranypersonalinformationSummarizingVS.paraphrasingUseyourownlanguage.Withsummaries,youwanttorestatetheauthor’sideainyourownwords.Unlikeparaphrasing,youarestrivingtorestatetheauthor’sideaorideasinfewerwords.NOTE:1.Avoidinterjectingyourownanalysisoropinions.2.Sticktorestatingtheauthor’sidea.3.Asummarycanthenbefollowedwithyouropinionoranalysisoftheauthor’sidea.4.Youneedtoprovideacitationeverytimeyousummarize.Whatisagoodsummary?1.Asummarymustbecomprehensive;itisafaithfulreproductionoftheoriginalanditcanbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheoriginal;综合2.Asummarymustbeconcise;itcontainsonlytheideasorinformationoftheoriginalanditisbriefwithoutanyunnecessarydetail;简明3.Asummarymustbecoherent;itisareadableunifiedwhole;连续的4.Asummarymustbeindependent.Itshouldmakesenseasapieceofwritinginitsownright;itshouldnotmerelybetakendirectlyfromyourlis