现在完成时

GrammarandusagePresentperfecttense结构：肯定：have/hasdone否定：have/hasnotdone疑问：Has/Have+主语+done简略答语:Yes,主语+have/has.(肯定)No,主语+haven't/hasn't.(否定)被动：has/havebeendone注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago等;2)不能与when连用3).现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用用法一：表示(不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在产生影响或造成结果。Ihavealreadylostthekey.(我现在没有钥匙)•Ihaven’treadthatbookyet.(不了解书的内容)•Ihavejustcleanedmyhands.(手是干净的)常与already(已经),yet(已经),just(刚刚),ever(曾经)never(从不)，recently(最近),lately(近来)等词连用.already:常用于肯定句中.yet:常用于否定句,疑问句尾.•注意：•just:刚刚，与现在完成时连用•justnow:刚才，与一般过去时连用e.g.•Ihavejustboughtapen•Iboughtapenjustnow.用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续性动词，常与for…,since…,或和表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如:sofar,uptonow,inthelastfewyears/days等）连用。ShehaslearnedEnglishfor5years.HehaslivedinBeijingsincehewasborn.HashelivedinShenzhenfor4years?since:(自…以来)1)since+时间点Hehasstayedheresince5o’clock.2)since+时间段+agoHehasstayedheresince5hoursago.3)since+从句ShehastaughtEnglishsincehecamehere.for:(长达）for+时间段Hehaskeptthebookfor2weeks.since,for的用法:Takenotes用for或since填空1.Mr.BrownhashadhisTV______15years.2.I’vetakendrivinglessons_______lastmonth.3.Mysisterhashadhercellphone______amonth.4.Myfriendshaven’tvisitedme______mybirthday.5.Wehaven’tusedourcar_____alongtime.6.Shehasn’thadagoodcupofcoffee_____years.7.Tomhaswornglasses_______hewas7yearsold.forsinceforsinceforforsince注意：瞬间动词在肯定句中不能与for，since等表示一段时间的时间状语连用延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,die,borrow,buy等。当现在完成时+一段时间注意：1)TomhasstudiedRussianforthreeyears.=TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2)(错)Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.=Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.改为:Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.误Ihavereceivedhisletterfortwodays.正Ireceivedhislettertwodaysago.Ihavehadhisletterfortwodays.ItistwodayssinceIreceivedhisletter.*瞬间动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalongtime.Hehasn’tmarriedsincehebrokeupwithhisgirlfriend.动作状态diebeoverleavearrivebeginend/finishjoinmarrybeawaybeherebeon(上演）bemarriedbeinbedead由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换★1.have代替buyMybrotherhashad(不能用hasbought)thisbikeforalmostfouryears.★2、用keep或have代替borrowIhavekept(不能用haveborrowed)thebookforquiteafewdays.★3、用be替代becomeHowlonghasyoursisterbeenateacher?★4、用haveacold代替catchacoldTomhashadacoldsincethedaybeforeyesterday.★5、用wear代替putonb)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词1、be＋married代marry2、be＋ill代fall(get)ill4、be＋asleep代fall(get)asleep5、be＋awake代wake/wakeup7、be＋open代open8、beclosed代close/shut9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚刚完成。•Nowwehaveplantedallthetrees.•Hehasturnedoffthelight.•Uptonow,theprogramhassavedthousandsofchildren.•A:“Wouldyoulikesomethingtoeat?”B:“No,thanks.I’vejusthadlunch.”•Allofushaveheardthismanytimes.•IhavevisitedBeijingthreetimes.•Youdon’tneedtodescribeher;Ihavemetherseveraltimes.用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉语译为“过”，常带有once，twice,threetimes等频度时间状语特殊句型：1.Itis+时间段since+一般过去时的句子.1.他的爷爷已经去世2年了。2.Nick参军3年了.3.他离开深圳好长时间了。4.这本书我已借了4个月了.Itis2yearssincehisgrandpadied.Itis3yearssinceNickjoinedthearmy.ItisalongtimesinceheleftShenzhen.Itis4monthssinceIborrowedthebook.句型二:This/Itisthefirst/second等序数词time+that从句(谓语动词用现在完成时)It’sthefirsttimethatMissLiuhasbeentoTaojiang.句型三：It/This/Thatisthe最高级+名词that从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）It’sthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.have/hasgoneto&have/hasbeento1.have/hasbeen(to)表示“去过某地（现在已回来）”2.have/hasgoneto表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）“前者可与once,never,severaltimes等连用,后者则不能我曾经去过三次意大利。IhavebeentoItalythreetimes.他去哈尔滨了。HehasgonetoHarbin.Have/hasbeenin：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）MyfatherhasbeeninShanghaifortwomonths./sincetwomonthsago.Summary:用法一：(不确定的)过去发生的动作对现在产生影响或造成结果。用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去。用法三：过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。用法四：过去发生的一次或多次的动作。用法五：用于某些特殊句型Practice：1.—Canyougivemetherightanswer?—Sorry,I___Wouldyoupleaserepeatthatquestion?A.haven’tlistenedB.hadn’tlistenedC.don’tlistenD.wasn’tlistening2.Whenyougetthepaperback,payspecialattentiontowhat____.A.havemarkedB.havebeenmarkedC.hadmarkedD.hadbeenmarked3.—Itseemsthatsheisthinkingaboutsomething.—Yes,shecannotrememberwhatkeyshe___tohercomputer.A.setB.hassetC.hadsetD.sets4.Danny___hardforlongtorealizehisdreamandnowheispopular.A.worksB.isworkingC.hasworkedD.worked5.Hedidn’tgiveuptheplanthoughhe__manytimes.A.wouldfailB.wasfailingC.hadfailedD.hasfailedTrueorFalse:1.Hehasbeentotheshop.He’llbebacksoon.2.Ihaven’treceivedhisletterforalongtime.3.Ihavereceivedhisletterfortwodays.4.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhadread.5.HehasboughtthecarlastFriday.gonehadhavee.g.Billhassmokedsinceheleftschool.Hestillsmokes.Billsmokedforsixmonths.Itmeansthathestoppedsmokingthen.Thepresentperfecttense&thesimplepasttense现在完成时:强调的是这一动作与现在的关系,对现在产生的结果或影响等,不能与表过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时:只着重说明动作发生在过去，与现在无关，常与具体的过去时间状语连用。Exercises:1.We__________(study)Englishforaboutfiveyears.We______(begin)tostudyitfiveyearsago.2.They_____(move)tothesouthin1990and__________(live)theresincethen.3.Eric_____(leave)homelastyearbutnowhe_