城市设计理论三d

城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）和经验主义（Empiricism）对环境（Environment）的分类•Terrestrialenvironment•Animateenvironment•Socialenvironment•Culturalenvironment•Terrestrialenvironment+animateenvironment=biogenicenvironmentThebiogenicenvironmentprovidesthesetting,orphysicalframe,forhumanlife.•Socialenvironment+culturalenvironment=sociogenicenvironmentThesociogenicenvironmentreferstothesocialsystemwherepeopleexist.TheNatureofEnvironmentalExperience•MotivationsandNeeds•Perception•CognitionandAffect•ActionsMotivationsandNeedsMaslow’sHierarchicalModelofBasicHumanNeeds•Survival•Safetyandsecurity•Affiliation(Belonging)•Esteem•Self-actualizationPerception•Perceptionistheactiveandpurposefulprocessofobtaininginformationfromtheenvironment.CognitionandAffect•Cognitionistheprocessofthinkingwhichinvolveslearningandremembering(orforgetting),generalizing,feelingandattitudeformation,likinganddisliking.•GeneralizingResponsegeneralizing–thesameresponseisgiventodifferentstimuliStimulusgeneralizing–differentresponsesaregiventothesamestimulusatdifferenttimesTheRoleoftheBuiltEnvironmentinHumanLives•Theconceptofaffordance•Theconceptofhabituation•Theconceptofcompetence•TheconceptofPredisposition(inclination）•Theconceptofcostsofrewards•Environmentaldesignasenvironmentaladaptation•AffordanceTheaffordanceofanything,materialornonmaterial,arewhatitoffersaspeciesintermsoftheactivitiesandmeaningsitallowsbecauseofitscharacteristics.•CompetenceEverybodyhasalevelofcompetence,ability,skill,orexpertiseindealingwiththebiogenicandsociogenicworldsandthusthebuiltenvironment.•CostsandrewardsOurperceptionofthequalityoftheelementsofthebuiltenvironmentdependsonourperceptionsofthecostsandrewardsassociatedwiththem.Indeed,allactivitieshavecostsandrewardsassociatedwiththem.TheUrbanDesignerasDesignerofGuidelinesforDesignPrescriptiveandPerformanceGuidelines•Prescriptiveguidelinesestablishthelimitorframeworkwithinwhichbuildingsmustbebuilt.•Performanceguidelinesprovidethedesignerwiththecriteriawherebytheimpactofanyproposalwillbeassessed.TheUseofGuidelines•Defininganddesigningthepublicrealm•Specifyingand/orrestrictingcertainusesandbuildingforms•Stimulatingtypesofdevelopment•Preservingexistingurbanenvironments•Specifyingthenatureandlocationofpublicart•Specifyingand/orrestrictingcertainusesandbuildingforms1.Zoningcontrol2.Transferofdevelopmentrights3.Physicalformandpatternguidelines4.Aestheticregulation5.RestrictivecovenantsDesignPrinciples•Thecitybeautifulandthegrandidea•Empiricismandrationalism:lookingbackandlookingforward•Asetofgenericsolution–thedesignofnewtypes•Functionalism•Humanneedsasabasisoffunctionaldesign•Socialconcern•Designmethod美国当代城市设计中需要关注的一些问题•Theneedforurbandesigntobeseenwithinamoralorder•Theneedounderstandurbandesign’spotentialcontributioninachangingworld•Theneedtodealwithdifferentandchangingmodelsofreality•Theneedtorecognizethepoliticalnatureofurbandesign•Theneedtoseeurbandesignasacollaborativeact•Theneedforafutureorientation•Theneedforanexperientialapproachtourbandesign•Theneedforaknowledge-basedurbandesign城市设计中的功能主义（Functionalism）HumanNeedsastheBasisforConceptsofFunctionalism城市功能和城市（TheFunctionsofCitiesandUrbanPlaces）•ManifestfunctionsandlatentfunctionsManifestfunctions–economic,social,recreational,etcLatentfunctions–psychological,unconscious,abstract,etc•Primaryfunctions,secondaryfunctionsandtertiaryfunctionsTheCity’sPrimaryFunctions•TheCommunicationFunction•TheTransportationFunction•TheEconomicFunction•TheCognitiveFunction•TheSocialFunction城市设计中的一些要素•SubstantiveElements1.Behaviorsettingsandarchitecturalpatterns2.SystemsofbehaviorsettingsEnclosingbehaviorThepublicrealm3.Themilieuasdisplay4.ThecreationassettingsTheElementsoftheBehavioralEnvironmentTheElementsoftheMilieu•Spatialcharacter•Enclosingcharacter•Furnishing•Illumination•ProceduralElements1.TheelementsofanurbandesignplanMasterplan(illustrativesiteplan)Implementationmechanism(suchasdesignguidelines,policyguidance,policyplan,etc.)2.Theelementsofthedesignprocessfortotalurbandesigns3.Themechanismofpublicsectorcontrol4.Theissuesofconcern城市设计中的基础设施设计•Transportationsystems•Pedestriannetworks•Masstransitsystems•Wastemanagementsystems•Energysupplysystems•PublicfacilitiessystemsMeetingPsychologicalNeeds人类心理需求的等级序列•Survival•Health•Development•Comfort针对人类心理需求的设计•DesignforaccessTransportationsystemsBarrier-freedesign•Designforactivities•DesignforshelterandcomfortVisualqualityandcomfortThesonicenvironmentandsoniccomfortOlfactorycomfortMetaboliccomfort:temperature,humidity,airmovementMeetingSafetyandSecurityNeedsSourcesofPsychologicalInsecurity•Harmfulbacteriaandpollutants•NaturalDisasters•Patternsandmaterialsofthebuiltenvironment•Machines•Thesociogenicenvironment提供心理安全感的要素•Thesegregationofincompatibleuses•Thenatureofsurveillance•Theroleofprivacyandcommunityinattainingsecurity•Themeaningoforientationinspaceandtime提供心理安全感的设计要素•Psychologicalformandpsychologicalsafetyneeds•Physicalform,privacyandterritorialbehaviorinthepublicrealm•Thephysicalformofthepublicrealmandorientation•PhysicalformandasenseofplaceOrientation•Ori