《共产党宣言》英文加注释

ManifestoofTheCommunistPartyKarlMarxandFrederickEngels18481BourgeoisandProletarians2ProletariansandCommunists3SocialistandCommunistLiterature4PositionoftheCommunistsinrelationtothevariousexistingoppositionpartiesAspectreishaunting（“haunt”指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。欧洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵，怕得要死。此句用现在进行时，正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态，也显示出共产主义方兴未艾，已成气候。）Europe--thespectreofcommunism.AllthepowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandTsar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.Whereisthepartyinopposition（theopposition指“反对党”，即，thepartyinopposition。）thathasnotbeendecriedascommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?Whereistheoppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofcommunism（reproach指“责骂或责备”，branding指“玷辱或污辱”，brandingreproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。注意：不能直接将thebrandingreproachofcommunism翻译为“共产主义这个诬陷之词”，尽管介词前后两部分属于同位关系，因为，“共产主义”，在包括马克思在内的共产党人看来，决非贬义之词。可以将这个短语翻译为“将共产主义作为诬陷之词”。）,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsresultfromthisfact:I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanpowerstobeitselfapower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleofthespectreofcommunismwithamanifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondonandsketchedthefollowingmanifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.I--BOURGEOISANDPROLETARIANSThehistoryofallhithertoexistingsociety（hitherto为副词，指“迄今为止”，修饰形容词existing，表示“迄今为止仍然存在的”。我们现在的这个社会已经存在了几千年，至今仍然存在，所以，句中society用单数。）isthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight（an…fight这里的不定冠词不是指“一次”，而是指“一种斗争”。这里将所有的阶级斗争视为一体。后面的同位语afight也是指“一种斗争”。）,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryreconstitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostalloftheseclasses,again,subordinategradations.（此句为省略句。本句的主语和谓语与分号前的相同，都是wehave，故省去。）Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclassantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctfeature:ithassimplifiedclassantagonisms.Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclassesdirectlyfacingeachother--bourgeoisieandproletariat.FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape（theCape指“开普敦港”，即，THECAPETOWN，位于非洲最南端。要绕道非洲航行，必经此地。）,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonizationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,to（gaveanimpulseto指“”推动或促进“。注意：此句将三个介词短语tocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry提前，置于宾语animpulse之前，因为宾语带有后置定语neverbeforeknown。）therevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.Thefeudalsystemofindustry,inwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolizedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficesforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedasidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;divisionoflaborbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflaborineachsingleworkshop.Meantime,themarketskeptevergrowing；thedemandeverrising.（此句由两个并列主句构成。第二个主句为省略句，省去了谓语动词kept。补充完整这个主句应该是：thedemandkeptevergrowing.Ever是副词，修饰动名词growing.）Evenmanufacturersnolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionizedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,MODERNINDUSTRY;theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclassbyindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofthewholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworldmarket,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,inturn,reactedontheextensionofindustry;andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.（intothebackground是地点状语。宾语everyclass被放在此状语之后，因为宾语带有一个较长的后置定语handeddownfromtheMiddleAges.）Wesee,therefore,how（how是关系副词，引导一个宾语从句。它在宾语从句中用作状语，表示方式。）themodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceinthatclass.Anoppressedclassunderthes