基于单片机步进电机驱动器设计

本科毕业设计（论文）基于51单片机的步进电机驱动器设计学院机电工程学院专业机械设计制造及其自动化（机械电子工程方向）年级班别学号学生姓名指导教师年月基于51单片机地步进电机驱动器设计机电工程学院I摘要步进电机被越来越地广泛应用，但步进电机驱动器技术仍不够成熟，需要进行改进完善才能更方便地让用户进行操作使用，所以需要更多更成熟的步进电机驱动系统的开发以满足社会的需要。本设计采用软件控制代替硬件搭建电路控制步进电机驱动器的方法以达到简化硬件电路、降低驱动器成本的目的，主要使用STC89C52RC芯片作为主控芯片，来达到对外界输入的脉冲进行接收、判断分析并分配给二相四线步进电机四条线路进行电机驱动。但由于电机的驱动电压是12V，而主控芯片输出的电压只有5V，所以需要设计一个步进电机驱动电压电路以达到电压要求，于是本设计采用了L298N芯片，其主要功能是对主控芯片发送过来的脉冲信号进行处理，然后再转化成足够驱动步进电机的脉冲信号输出给电机。其次，因为步进电机工作时是高速运转，所有电路中还需要加一定的保护才能保证电路能长期稳定工作不受影响。本设计采用高速光电耦合器6N137和低速光电耦合器TLP521-1对电路的输入脉冲信号及正反转控制信号进行保护。再者，为防止步进电机高速转动时自感电压对电路造成冲击，在电机接线部分加了二极管对电路进行保护。综上所述，本设计实现了一个使用软件控制来进行电机驱动的稳定的步进电机驱动器，能够精准地驱动步进电机进行工作。关键词：步进电机，驱动器，软件控制，脉冲信号注：本设计（论文）题目来源于自选项目。IIAbstractSteppermotorismoreandmorewidelyused,butthesteppermotordrivertechnologyisstillnotmatureenough,needtobeimprovedinordertomoreeasilyallowuserstooperate,sotheneedformorematuresteppermotordrivesystemdevelopmentmeettheneedsofsociety.Thisdesignusessoftwarecontrolinsteadofhardwaretobuildcircuitcontrolsteppermotordrivermethodtoachievesimplifiedhardwarecircuit,reducethecostofthepurposeofthedrive,themainuseofSTC89C52RCchiptoachievetheinputpulsetoreceive,todeterminetheanalysisandassignedtothetwo-phasefour-wiresteppermotorfourlinesformotordrive.Butbecausethemotordrivevoltageis12V,andthemasterchipoutputvoltageisonly5V,sotheneedtodesignasteppermotordrivevoltagecircuittomeetthevoltagerequirements,sothedesignusestheL298Nchip,itsmainfunctionisthemasterchipThetransmittedpulsesignalisprocessedandthenconvertedintoapulsesignalsufficienttodrivethesteppermotortothemotor.Second,becausethesteppermotorisrunninghigh-speedoperation,allthecircuitalsoneedtoaddsomeprotectioninordertoensurelong-termstableoperationofthecircuitwillnotbeaffected.Thedesignuseshigh-speedoptocoupler6N137andlow-speedoptocouplerTLP521-1onthecircuitinputpulsesignalandforwardandreversecontrolsignalprotection.Inaddition,inordertopreventthesteppermotorhigh-speedrotationwhentheself-inducedvoltageonthecircuitimpact,inthemotorwiringpartofthediodetoaddthecircuitprotection.Insummary,thisdesignimplementsastablesteppermotordriverthatusessoftwarecontrolformotordrive,enablingaccurateoperationofthesteppermotor.Keywords:steppermotor,driver,softwarecontrol,pulsesignal目录1绪论......................................................................................................................................11.1引言............................................................................................................................11.2设计的目的及意义....................................................................................................11.3国内外发展现状........................................................................................................21.4步进电机简介............................................................................................................21.4.1步进电机的分类及相关参数.......................................................................21.4.2步进电机的工作原理...................................................................................41.5步进电机驱动器介绍................................................................................................51.5.1步进电机驱动器系统介绍...........................................................................51.5.2步进电机的控制系统原理...........................................................................62系统硬件设计......................................................................................................................72.1ALTIUMDESIGNER软件介绍及设计思路介绍....................................................72.2STC89C52RC芯片简介.............................................................................................82.3L298N芯片简介.......................................................................................................102.4电机驱动电路设计..................................................................................................112.4.1电源部分.....................................................................................................122.4.2高速光电耦合电路.....................................................................................122.4.3低速光耦隔离电路.....................................................................................132.4.4主控CPU电路设计.....................................................................................142.5脉冲信号产生电路................................................................................................163系统软件设计....................................................................................................................193.1KEILUVISION软件介绍及设计思路介绍...........................................................193.2驱动器软件设计......................................................................................................203.3脉冲产生电路软件设计..........................................................................................234调试....................................................................................................................................27结论.....................................................................