无人机航空摄影测量技术在水利工程中的应用研究

无人机航空摄影测量技术在水利工程中的应用I摘要随着国家经济的不断发展，国家逐步加大了对于基础设施建设的投入，其中就包含水利工程建设，如新疆叶尔羌河水利工程，西水东引等调水工程。测量对于此类工程来讲是必不可少的一项基础性工作，其中包括大比例尺地形图测绘、坝址控制测量、水库淹没范围测量、征地移民测量等。如何保证此类项目测量的精度要求、快速提高测量的效率、有效降低工程建设成本，是此类项目中测量面临的一个亟待解决的问题。此外，水利工程项目中，高程精度至关重要。常规的水利工程建设测量都是用全站仪、GPSRTK等常规仪器进行数字化测图，这些方法虽然可以保证测量点高程精度，但是要耗费大量的人力、物力和时间，尤其是对大面积的测区来讲，效率较低，生产成本较高。传统仪器的地形测量方法为点测量模式，即需要测量人员和仪器抵达每一个地形点，通过逐点采集来获取数据，因此测量效率相对低下，尤其对于大比例尺地形图测绘来讲，测量进度十分缓慢，往往满足不了工期要求。随着测绘技术的不断发展，各种新型仪器设备和测量方法陆续登场，其中就包括受人瞩目的无人机航空摄影测量技术。在1927年第一台无人机诞生了，并成功进行了试飞。早期的无人机主要用于军事活动，后来由于其快速灵活、低空作业、成本低廉等特点，用途逐渐扩展到科研和民用领域。随着无人机与航空摄影测量技术的结合，无人机航空摄影测量系统正式被引入测绘行业，再加上非量测数码相机的引入，使得无人机航测成为航空摄影测量领域的一个新发展方向。随着国家队无人机航测技术的不断研究，无人机已经突破了传统有限的侦察功能，无人机航空摄影测量技术得到了进一步发展。区别于大型飞机航测和航天摄影测量，无人机航测在区域性的测量方面的优势更为明显，能够快速有效的获取高分辨率、大比例尺的地形图数据。本文阐述的是无人机航测技术在水利工程中大比例尺地形图测绘中的应用，主要研究内容如下：研究分析无人机航空摄影测量目前现状，对其进行了总结，分析了它的优缺点和发展趋势；阐述了无人机航空摄影测量基本原理、作业流程、测量成果等，分析了无人机航测的误差来源及相应措施，讲述了无人机面临的问题及解决方案；结合新疆某地区水库大坝实际工程案例，详细讲解了无人机航测的作业流程、控制要点及注意事项，通过对比无人机航测成果与三维激光扫描仪成果进行精度分析，从而证明了无人机航空摄影测量技术应用于水利工程大比例尺测图的可行性与有效性。关键字：水利工程，无人机，大比例尺测图无人机航空摄影测量技术在水利工程中的应用IIIAbstractWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,thestategraduallyincreasetheinvestmentininfrastructureconstruction,includingtheconstructionofwaterconservancyprojects,suchasXinjiangYerqiangRiverwaterconservancyproject,westeastdiversionwaterdiversionproject.Measurementisanessentialworkforsuchprojects,includinglargescaletopographicmapping,damsitecontrolsurvey,reservoirinundationareameasurement,landacquisitionandresettlementmeasurements.Howtoensuretheaccuracyofthemeasurementofsuchprojects,improvetheefficiencyofthemeasurement,andeffectivelyreducethecostofconstructionprojects,isanurgentproblemtobesolvedinsuchprojects.Inaddition,waterconservancyprojects,elevationaccuracyisessential.Theconstructionofwaterconservancyprojectsisroutinesurveyingwithtotalstation,GPSRTKandotherconventionalinstrumentsofdigitalmapping,althoughthesemethodscanguaranteethemeasurementpointelevationprecision,buttospendalotofmanpowerandtime,especiallyforthemeasurementoflargearea,lowefficiency,highproductioncost.Thetraditionalmethodofmeasuringinstrumentforterrainmeasurementmode,namelytheneedtomeasureandinstrumentineveryterrain,toobtaindatathroughsamplingpointbypoint,sothemeasurementefficiencyisrelativelylow,especiallyforlargescaletopographicmapping,measuringtheprogressisveryslow,oftencannotmeettheprojectrequirements.WiththecontinuousdevelopmentofSurveyingandmappingtechnology,avarietyofnewtypesofinstrumentsandmeasurementmethodshavecomeonstage,includingtheattentionofunmannedaerialphotogrammetrytechnology.In1927,thefirstunmannedaerialvehiclewasbornandsuccessfullytested.TheearlyUAVwasmainlyusedinmilitaryactivities,anditwasgraduallyextendedtothefieldofscientificresearchandcivilengineeringbecauseofitsfastandflexible,lowaltitudeoperationandlowcost.WiththecombinationofUAVandaerialphotogrammetry,aerialphotogrammetrysystemwasformallyintroducedintoSurveyingandmappingindustry,coupledwiththeintroductionofnon-metricdigitalcamera,theUAVaerialhasbecomeanewdevelopmentdirectioninthefieldofphotogrammetry.WiththecontinuousresearchofUAVtechnology,unmannedaerialvehicle(UAV)hasbrokenthroughthetraditionallimitedreconnaissancefunction,theUAVaerialphotogrammetrytechnologyhasbeenfurtherdeveloped.Itisdifferentfromthelargescaleaerialphotogrammetryandspacephotogrammetry,theUAVaerialphotogrammetryhasmoreobviousadvantagesintheareameasurement,andcanquicklyandefficientlyobtainthehighresolutionandlargescaletopographicmapdata.ThispaperdescribestheapplicationofUAVaerialsurveytechnologyinlargescaletopographicmappingofwaterconservancyprojects,themainresearchcontentsareasfollows:(1)TheresearchonmeasurementandanalysisofthepresentsituationoftheUAVaerialphotography,carriesonthesummary,analyzestheadvantagesanddisadvantagesanditsdevelopmenttrend;(2)ThispaperdescribestheUAVaerialphotographymeasureprinciple,workflow,measurementresults,analysisoftheerrorsourcesofaerialman-machineandcorrespondingmeasures,describestheUAVproblemsandsolutions;(3)ThecombinationofaregionofXinjiangreservoirdamprojectcase,explainindetailthecontrolpointsofUAVaerialworkflow,andthemattersneedingattention,precisionanalysisisdonebycomparingtheresultsoftheUAVaerialand3Dlaserscannerresults,whichprovedthattheUAVaerialimagemeasurementtechnologyinlargescalewaterconservancyprojectmappingisfeasibleandeffectiveof.Keywords:hydraulicengineering,unmannedaerialvehicle,largescalemapping目录摘要........................................................................................................................IAbstract................................................................................................................III1绪论..................................................................................................................11.1研究背景及意义.....................................................................................11.2水利工程测量现状.................................................................................21.3无人机航空摄影测量内容及特点..................................................