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1动词不定式动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为to+动词原形,to为动词不定式的符号,本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点:1.具有动词的特点,因此,后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语,构成动词不定式短语。2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点,可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等1.作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首。如:Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。Tomakeupforlosttimeisnotpossible.要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.身子探出窗外很危险。Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.现在好像不可能存钱。(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:①It+be+名词+todoIt'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.这是照顾老人是我们的责任。②Ittakessb+sometime+todoHowlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?你花了多少时间来完成这项工作吗?③It+be+形容词+forsb+todoItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverything(that)theteachersays.Itisanoffencetodroplitterinthestreet.在马路上乱丢废物是违章的。④Itseems(appears)+形容词+todoItseemedimpossibletosavemoney.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式,如:It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.⑤It+不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后Hethoughtitwouldbesafertogobytrain.他认为乘火车比较安全。Hewillfinditishardtomakefriends.他会感觉到交朋友困难。2⑥不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语Tohavemadethesamemistaketwicewasunforgivable.两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。Itisbettertohavelovedandlostthannevertohavelovedatall.爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。(3)举例(1)It'seasy(forme)todothat.我做这事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt'ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。(2)It'sverykindofhimtohelpus.他帮助我们,他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。注意:(1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型(2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。(3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型(对)Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。(错)Itistobelievetosee.练习1.It'sourduty_________theroomeveryday.A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans(甘肃省)2.It'shardforus_________Englishwell.A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning(江西省)3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。Itwill_________theworkersoverayear__________________theflyover.(北京市海淀区)4.It'sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.A.for,ofB.of,forC.to,forD.of,to(安徽省)3作宾语1)以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语afford(付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt(试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)举例:Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.3司机没能及时看见另一辆车。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2)动词+疑问词+不定式decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。如:Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.练习:1.Hewants______somevegetables.A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys(山西省)2.Don'tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking(福建省)3.Hefounditverydifficult______.A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep(湖南省)4作补语1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)adviseallowbelievecausechallengecompeldeclareencourageforbidforcefindhireinduceinstructinvitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrainurge例句:a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我们相信他是有罪的。练习1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith(江苏省)2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked(甘肃省)5Find的特殊用法:Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.46典型例题:Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel,find,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。7典型例题:CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered___thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案:A.由considertodosth.排除B、D,此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不
本文标题:初中英语动词不定式精讲精练(精校版)
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