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胸部常见CT征象认读麻涌医院放射科卢劲松TheSecondaryPulmonaryLobule肺小叶(直径1-2.5CM)小叶支气管、终末细支气管肺动脉pulmonaryartery小叶间隔interlobularsepta肺静脉pulmonaryvein腺泡pulmonaryacini正常HRCT.中央肺动脉。支气管与相邻肺动脉直径大致相等。肺动脉常分为两个直径相当的分支。肺静脉常分成许多细小的分支,这些分支与主支构成直角。叶间裂(厚度小于1mm,边缘光滑,均一厚度)常见伪影双侧下肺近心脏处,肺血管脉动伪影。低密度区,可以错当作扩大的支气管。常见伪影主叶裂伪影。常见伪影血管双重伪影。正常小叶间隔normalsepta正常小叶中心动脉正常小叶中心动脉centrilobularartery2肺静脉Pulmonaryveins肺间质病变发生于:慢性间质性肺炎、弥漫性间质纤维化、结节病、癌性淋巴管炎、结缔组织病(红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、硬皮病、皮肌炎)、尘肺(矽肺、煤矽肺、石棉肺)、组织细胞病X、淋巴管平滑肌瘤病。CT:界面征、小叶间隔增厚、小叶中心结构增厚、胸膜下线、长疤痕线(扭曲肺结构)、蜂窝样改变、结节影、牵拉性支扩、磨玻璃样改变。Case1F/60y乳腺癌术后,现呼吸困难。分析:(1)小叶间隔增厚分析:(2)支气管血管周围间质增厚支气管袖口症:分析:(3)斜裂增厚分析:(4)大结节影网状阴影:病理上主要为小叶间隔增厚、小叶内间隔增厚、小叶核心增厚、胸膜下线影、蜂窝肺和支气管血管周围间质增厚等改变。可见于特发性间质性肺炎、结节病、癌性淋巴管炎、特发性含铁血黄素沉积、感染性疾病等。双肺网状阴影多见与特发性间质性肺炎、结缔组织病肺浸润、结节病等。单侧以癌性淋巴管炎和放射性肺炎为主。上病例为癌性淋巴管炎。Case279岁、淋巴瘤病史小叶间隔增厚?(a)Yes(b)No双侧光滑增厚的小叶间隔支气管血管间质是否增厚?(a)Yes(b)No增厚的支气管血管间质胸膜下间质增厚?(a)Yes(b)No斜裂增厚Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?最可能的诊断???(a)Pulmonaryedema(肺水肿)(b)Interstitialfibrosis(间质纤维化)(c)Lymphangiticspreadoflymphoma(癌性淋巴管炎)Diagnosis:Lymphangiticspreadoflymphoma,withinterlobularseptalthickening。癌性淋巴管炎(小叶间隔增厚)lymphocyticinterstitialpneumonitis(LIP)淋巴间质局限性肺炎Case358-year-oldmanwithheartdisease小叶间隔增厚???(a)Yes(b)No双侧小叶间隔增厚支气管血管间质增厚???(a)Yes(b)No支气管血管间质增厚Istherethickeningofthesubpleuralinterstitium?(胸膜下间质增厚?)(a)Yes(b)NoNO!!!Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?(最可能的诊断?)(a)Pulmonaryedema肺水肿(b)Interstitialfibrosis间质纤维化(c)Lymphangiticspreadofcarcinoma癌性淋巴管炎(a)Pulmonaryedema肺水肿Correct.Becauseofthehistoryofheartdisease心脏病史,characteristicabnormalities典型的异常,ymmetry对称,andthepredominanceofseptalthickeningindependentlung,thisdiagnosismustbeconsidered考虑mostlikely.文献:间质性肺水肿(1)肺血重新分布:左心衰--肺淤血。(2)支气管周围袖口症:正常厚度约1mm—结缔组织内液体存积—增厚。X-肺纹理及肺门血管增粗、模糊.(3)肺透过度下降:液体分布到支气管血管周围、小叶间隔、小叶内支气管血管周围、肺泡间隔—透过度下降。(4)间隔线:KerleyB线—x上与肋膈角处与胸膜垂直。(5)胸膜增厚:液体—入脏层胸膜下薄层结缔组织—胸膜下结缔组织水肿--水肿位于脏层胸膜与结体组织间,不随体位移动。(6)胸腔积液:胸膜腔内液体来自壁层胸膜。不同原因的肺水肿心源性肺水肿:左心衰(见于心梗、二尖瓣病变。肾性肺水肿:急慢性肾功能衰竭,可合并尿毒症--水钠潴留、左心衰-肺水肿--上腔静脉、奇静脉增宽。肺微血管损伤性肺水肿:除肺水肿外,还可见出血及细胞渗出–肺血分布正常、无袖口症、间隔线。肺泡实变斑片状,肺野外为分布。毒性气体吸入、胃液吸入、药物、溺水、颅内压升高、高原性肺水肿、复张性肺水肿。Case4a53-year-oldwomanwithandabnormalchestradiographandmildshortness(短缺)ofbreath(异常胸片,气短)Isseptalthickeningpresent?(a)Yes(b)No小叶间隔增厚吗?增厚的小叶间隔Aretheseptasmoothornodularinappearance?(a)Smooth(b)Nodular小叶间隔增厚是结节状还是光滑增厚?小叶间隔结节状增厚胸膜下间质结节影支气管袖口症Possiblediagnosesinclude:(a)pulmonaryedema肺水肿(b)interstitialfibrosis间质纤维化(c)sarcoidosis结节病最可能的诊断?sarcoidosis结节病Correct.Nodularthickeningofinterlobularseptaandfissurescanbeseeninthisdiseaseandlymphangiticspreadofcarcinoma.(小叶间隔结节状改变可见于结节病、癌性淋巴管炎、尘肺)。支气管血管间质、胸膜下间质结节状改变—对结节病有特征性的诊断。Case5a42-year-oldmanwithmildshortnessofbreathforanumberofyears(气促多年)Isseptalthickeningvisible?(a)Yes(b)NoNextPage小叶间隔增厚吗?增厚的小叶间隔扭曲的肺结构叶间裂的扭曲Diagnosis:End-stagesarcoidosiswithfibrosisandinterlobularseptalthickening.结节病伴随征象:肺结构扭曲、小叶间隔结节状增厚、牵拉性支扩、蜂窝肺等。文献:肺间质病变界面征:支气管血管间质增厚—支气管血管束增粗、支气管袖口症;液体—边缘光滑、肿瘤或肉芽组织—结节状界面。胸膜下线:近胸膜面1cm内弧线状影—为肺纤维化征象。长疤痕线:蜂窝肺:结节影:小结节—2-5mm,肉芽、肿瘤、纤维组织。肺结构扭曲变形及牵拉支扩:磨玻璃样改变:Case6a68-year-oldwomanwithrheumatoidarthritis(风湿性关节炎)andprogressive累计shortness短缺ofbreathovera2-yearperiodThepredominantabnormalfindingonthesescansis?(a)interlobularseptalthickening小叶间隔增厚。(b)honeycombing蜂窝肺主要的异常表现?蜂窝肺部分层面小叶间隔增厚Whatdoeshoneycombingreflecthistologically?(a)Interstitialedema肺间质水肿(b)Interstitialinfiltration渗透bycells(c)Interstitialfibrosis蜂窝肺的组织学—肺间质纤维化的后期表现。Diagnosis:Rheumatoidlungdisease,withfibrosisandhoneycombing.风湿性肺疾病,肺纤维化、蜂窝肺。壁厚0.8-1MM,胸膜下3-4cm范围内或近叶裂处;早期囊腔小而少;囊壁为折叠破坏的肺泡壁及气道壁。Case7a74-year-oldwomanwithprogressiveshortnessofbreathover6monthsThemostsignificantabnormalfindinginthisstudyis:(a)interlobularseptalthickening小叶间隔增厚(b)honeycombing蜂窝肺(c)subpleuralemphysema胸膜下肺气肿主要的异常表现?蜂窝肺Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?(a)Idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis(IPF)特发性肺间质纤维化(b)Autoimmunedisease(e.g.,rheumatoidlungdisease)自身免疫性疾病(c)End-stagehypersensitivitypneumonitis过敏性肺炎(d)Asbestosis石棉肺(e)Drug-relatedlunginjury麻醉药物肺损害(f)Sarcoidosis结节病最可能的诊断?IPF:特发性肺间质纤维化磨玻璃密度:肺野周围—活动性肺泡炎症。网状改变:小叶间隔、小叶中心结构增厚—蜂窝状改变的前期。蜂窝状改变:胸膜下间质纤维化:胸膜下弧线状影、脏层胸膜及叶间胸膜增厚。肺气肿:小叶中心型肺气肿。肺实变:支扩:蜂窝肺牵拉性支扩小叶间隔增厚Case886-year-oldmanwithchronicmyelogenousleukemia骨髓性的白血病,treatedusingmethotrexate化疗,nowcomplainsofshortnessofbreath气短.DoesthismanshowevidenceoffibrosisandUIP?(a)Yes(b)No显示明显的纤维化和普通间质性肺炎??屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)、普通性间质性肺炎(UIP)。(a)YesCorrect.Findingsindicativeofusualinterstitialpneumonitis(UIP)visibleinthispatientinclude:honeycombing;蜂窝肺irregularfissures;叶裂扭曲irregularinterlobularseptalthickening;小叶间隔不规则增厚。tractionbronchiectasis.牵拉性支扩蜂窝肺叶裂扭曲不规则小叶间隔增厚牵拉性支扩Themostlikelydiagnosisis:可能的诊断?(a)idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis(IPF)(b)lunginvolvementbyleukemia白血病肺浸润。(c)drug-relatedlunginjury化疗药物肺损害。(c)drug-relatedlunginjuryCorrect.Thepatternoffibrosisseeninthispatientisnonspecific,andcouldbecausedbyIPF.Therecenthistoryoftreatmentwithmethotrexatemakesdrug-relatedfibrosismostlikely.Lunginvolvementbyleukemiawouldlikelyresultinanappearancesimilartothatoflymphangiticspreadofcarcinomawithseptalthickeningbeingthepredominantfinding.IPF一可有同种表现,但患者有最近化疗史,白血病肺浸润小叶间隔增厚明显。Case9ina63-year-oldmanwit
本文标题:胸部常见CT征象认读.
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