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神经反射检查西南医院神就内科罗春霞检查方法检查内容异常体征的临床意义重点:神经反射检查ExaminationoftheRelexs反射(Reflex):反射是由于刺激诱发出的自发的一种运动反应.是通过反射弧(包括外周感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经及外周效应器组成)的完成的。Reflex:Reflexactionisanautomaticmotorresponsethroughreflexarc,thatiselictedbyastimulus.Confomationofreflexarc:Sensor,Afferentnerve,Nervecentre,EfferentnerveEffector神经反射:浅反射深反射病理反射Reflex:SuperficialreflexMyotasisreflexPathologicreflex浅反射:角膜反射腹壁反射提睾反射跖反射肛门反射Superficialreflex:•Cornealreflex•Abdominalreflex•Cremastericreflex•Plantarreflex•Analreflex角膜反射CornealreflexCornealreflex:•Sensor:corneal•Afferentnerve:Trigeminalnerve•Nervecentre:pons•Efferentnerve:Facialnerve•Effector:Orbicularisoculimuscle角膜反射:感受器:角膜传入神经:三叉神经中枢:桥脑传出神经:面神经效应器:眼轮匝肌临床意义:一侧直接、对侧间接反射均消失→同侧三叉N病变;一侧直接消失,对侧间接存在→同侧面N病变。一侧直接消失间接反射消失面神经或三叉神经病变。Clinicalsignificance:onelateraldirectandcontralateralindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateraltrigeminalnervedamage;onelateraldirectreflexandcontralateralindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateralfacialnervedamage;onelateraldirectandindirectreflexextinctation:ipsilateraltrigeminalandfacialnervedamage腹壁反射(Abdominalreflex,AR):上腹壁反射:胸7-8;中腹壁反射:胸9-10;下腹壁反射:胸11-12。临床意义:上、中、下均消失:昏迷,急腹症或神经系统病变。一侧消失:同侧锥体束病变或脊神经损伤。Clinicalsignificance:Allabdominalreflexextinction:Coma,Acuteabdomenandnervesystemdisease;Unilateralextinction:isolateralpyramidaltractinjuriedorspinalnervesinjuried.提睾反射:腰1-2。临床意义:双侧消失:腰1-2病损;一侧消失:锥体束受损。Cremastericreflex(CR):Nervescentre:Lumbalspinalcord1-2.Clinicalsignificance:BislateralCRextinction:L1-2injuried;UnilateralCRedtinction:Pyramidaltractinjurid.CR跖反射(Plantarreflex):骶1-2肛门反射骶4、5节段骶4、5病变或肛尾神经损伤深反射:肱二头肌反射肱三头肌反射桡骨骨膜反射膝反射跟腱反射Myotasisreflex:BicepsreflexTricepsjerkreflexRadioperiostealreflexKneejerkreflexAchillestendonreflex肱二头肌反射(Bicepsreflex)(C5、6)肱三头肌反射Tricepsjerkreflex(C7、8)桡骨骨膜反射(Radioperiostealreflex)(C5、6)膝腱反射(Kneejerkreflex)(L2-4)跟腱反射(Achillestendonreflex)(S1、2)临床意义:深反射减弱或消失:周围神经病变、肌肉病变及中枢神经病变的休克期;深反射亢进:中枢神经系统病变(伴有病理征)或引起神经系统兴奋性增高的病变(如甲亢)(不伴有病理征)。ClinicalSignificanceHyporeflexiaorabsentdeepreflex:Peripheralneuropathy,Myopathyandshockstageofcentralnervedisease;Hyperreflexia:centralnervedisease(withpathologicsignoften)orDiseasesinducinghyperexcitationofnervesystem(e.gHyperthyreosis)(Withoutpathologicsign).病理反射:锥体束病损时,失去了对脑干和脊髓的抑制功能,而出现的异常反射。主要的病理征有:Pathologicreflex:Itisabnormalreflexduetodeinhibitionofmortorneuroninbrainstemorspinalcordbypyramidaltractinjuried.Babinskisign,Chaddocksign,Gordonsign,Gondasign,Oppenheimsign,Hoffmannsign。Babinskisign拇趾缓缓背伸,其它四趾呈扇形展开。见于锥体束损害。Manifestation:Greattoedorsumextensionandotherfourtoessectorlyoutspreading.Significance:PyramidaltractinjuriedOppenheimsignGordonsignHoffmannsign阵挛(Clonus):腱反射增强的极度表现,是拉长某一肌腱后该肌肉所发生的节律性收缩,见于锥体束损害。Thatisamanifestationofincresedtendonreflex。Whenonemuscletendonisdraggedsharply,themusclecouldcontactrhythmly。髌阵挛(Patellaclonus)股四头肌节律性收缩踝阵挛(ankleclonus):腓肠肌与比目鱼肌节律性收缩。Irritationofthemeningsandspinalrootcausedbyinflammation,hemorrogeetccancauseheadretraction,neckstiffness,andspinalrigidity,whichisnamedasmeningstimulationsign,whichelicitsprotectivereflexesintendedtoshortedthespinalaxisandimmobilizetheirritatedtissue.脑膜刺激征:脑膜和脊神经根由于炎症、出血等的刺激从而引起的头缩、颈强直及脊柱僵硬的反应。它是一种保护性的反射,可以使脊柱缩短稳定受刺激的组织。颈项强直NeckRigidityBrudzinski&KernigsignFlexionatthehipandkneeinresponsetoforwardflexionoftheneck(Brudzinskisign)andinabilitytocompletelyextendtheleg(Kernigsign).Kernigsign﹥135度BrudzinskisignLaseguesign﹥70度1.浅反射、深反射各包括哪些?2.浅反射减弱或消失有何意义?3.深反射减弱、消失、亢进的临床意义。4.常见病理反射包括哪些?有何意义?5.何谓脑膜刺激征,常见体征有哪些?思考题
本文标题:神经反射的检查
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