Rhetorical-Devices

AdvancedEnglishRhetoricalDevices•Simile•Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.•Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.•Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.•Thediamondisasblueasthegreatsea.•Therubyshallberedderthanaredrose.•Metaphor•Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherSimileHyperboleMetaphorAntithesisMetonymyPunSynecdocheIronyAlliterationRhetoricalquestionAnti-climaxOxymoronParallelismEuphemismAdvancedEnglishthanstated.•Theworldisastage.•Beautywithoutvirtueisarosewithoutfragrance.•Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.•Snowclothestheground.•Thelecturerlookeddownattheseaoffacesbeneathhim.•Metonymy•Thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.•Grayhairsshouldberespected.•IhaveneverreadLiBai.•Heistoofondofbottle.•Iwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.•借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处。•Synecdoche•Itinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.•Thepoormanhadsixmouthstofeed.AdvancedEnglish•Whatalovelycreature!•Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.•提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊.又称举隅法，举隅指举一反三之意，具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。•Metonymy&synecdoche•metonymy与synecdoche的共同点是它们都可以用人体的各个部位进行借代；它们的不同点在于：metonymy是利用人体部位指代其功能或特点，而synecdoche则是利用人体的部位指代整体。试比较：•例1：Herheartruledherhead.她的感情控制了理智。emotions,goodsense•（该句用“心”指代“感情”，用“头”指代“理智”。虽然“心”和“头”都是人体的部位，但说话者并没有用它们来借代“人”这个整体，而是指代根据其特点联想所产生的东西，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）•例2：Noeyesawhim,butasecondlatereveryearheardagunshot.man•没有人看见他。可是，一秒钟以后每个人都听到一声枪响。（“眼睛”和“耳朵”都是人体的部位，在此用来借代其整体“人”。故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）AdvancedEnglish•例3：Weareallears.我们洗耳恭听。listeningattentively•（“耳朵”是人体部位，在此用来指代其“听”的功能，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）•例4：Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两个脑袋总比一个脑袋强。people•（“头”是人体部位，在此指代整体“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）•例5：Hehasanoldheadonyoungshoulders.他年轻而有见识。experiencesyoungman•（head是人体部位，前面加了形容词old后，产生一种联想意义，即“有见识的”；shoulders也是人体部位，前面加了形容词young后，产生一种象征意义，即“年轻人”。该句没有用人体部位指代整体，而是用人体部位指代其特点，故该句所采用的修辞手法是metonymy。）•例6：Nevershowyourfaceagain.千万不要再露面。body•（“脸”是人体部位，在此指代整个“人”，故该句所采用的修辞手法是synecdoche。）•Alliteration•Alliteration:Theuseinaphraseorsentenceofwordsbeginningwiththesameletterofsound.Alliterationshouldbeusedonlywhenthewritermakesastrongemotionalresponsetohissubject.•a)Wefeltstrong,smug,secure.(Bailey:TheAmericanPageant)AdvancedEnglish•b)ColonelMuellerneitherforgivesnorforgets.(Sheldon:TheothersideofMidnight)•c)TheypayintaxesneededinparttofinanceMedicareandMedicaid.(Time,May28,1979)•d)MillionsdependfortheirbreadandbutteronFBI’ssmileoritsscowl.(Cook:TheFBINobodyKnows)•Anti-climax•Thesuddenappearanceofanabsurdortrivialideafollowingoneormoresignificantorelevatedideas.Anticlimaxisusuallycomicineffect.•Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.•Hiroshimaisatownknownthroughouttheworldforits---oysters.•Parallelism•Abalanceoftwoormoregrammaticallyandsemanticallysimilarwords,phrases,orclauses.Theapplicationofparallelisminsentenceconstructionimproveswritingstyleandreadability—togivethesentencerhythm,balanceandforce.•Generally,therearefivewaystoachieveparallelism.•A.Expresssimilarideasinsimilargrammaticalforms•B.Arrangeparallelelementsinclimacticorder•C.Useparallelformswithcoordinatingconjunctions并列连词•D.Useparallelformswithcorrelativeconjunctions关联连词AdvancedEnglish•E.Repeatcertainwordstobeginparallelelements•Faithseestheinvisible,feelstheintangibleandachievestheimpossible.•Dreamwhatyouwanttodream;gowhereyouwanttogo;bewhatyouwanttobe.•Noonecanbeperfectlyfreetillallarefree;noonecanbeperfectlymoraltillallaremoral;noonecanbeperfectlyhappytillallarehappy.•HyperboleHyperboleisafigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedtoemphasizeapoint,tocreatehumor,ortoachievesomesimilareffects.•1.Shewasscaredtodeath.•2.I’dgivetheworldtoseetheGreatWall.•3.Itoldyouathousandtimesthatyoushouldn’tbehavelikethat.•4.Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.•5.Herbeautymadethebrightworlddim.•Antithesis•Antithesis:thesettingofcontrastingphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.Intrueantithesistheoppositionbetweentheelementsismanifestedthroughparallelgrammaticalstructure.•a)ThequestforrighteousnessisOriental,thequestforknowledge,Occidental.AdvancedEnglish•b)Goodbreedingconsistsinconcealinghowmuchwethinkofourselvesandhowlittlewethinkoftheotherperson.•c)Afriendexaggeratesaman’svirtues,anenemyhiscrimes.•d)Theconventionboughttime;itcouldnotbringsettlement.•e)Itsfailurebecameapartofhistorybutitssuccessesheldthecluetoabetterinternationalorder.•Pun•Pun:aplayonwordsbasedonsimilarityofsoundandsharpdifferenceinmeaning.•a)Oneshopannounced:DarwinIsRight—Inside.•b)Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak.(=week)•c)Ifwedon’thangtogether,weshallassuredlyhangseparately.•d)Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.•Irony•Irony:Theexpressionofactualint