高中定语从句讲义(精编)

定语（一）定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。(定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当，也可以由一个句子来充当。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。)2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：特别提示：①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。②在定语从句中，关系代词起着代词和连词的作用，关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。③在定语从句中，关系词代替先行词，因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。下面的句子是错误的：Thisistherightbookthatyouarelookingforthebook.(应去掉thebook。)Thisistherightbookthatyouarelookingforit.(应去掉it。)关系词的种类作用关系词连接作用替代先行词在从句中充当某一成分关系代词who√人主语（在口语中亦可作宾语/表语）whom√人宾语（在口语中可用who代，但在介词后只能用此词）whose√人/物定语（可用of+which取代）which√物/句子主语/宾语/表语that√人/物主语/宾语/表语as√人/物/句子主语/宾语/表语关系副词when√时间名词时间状语（可用“介词+which”取代）where√地点名词地点状语（可用“介词+which”取代）why√thereason原因状语（可用“for+which”取代）（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语,不可省略。①TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩②Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.想去博物馆的人③YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.④Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。①MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。②LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.③Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.④Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。⑤Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做主语时不可省;做宾语时常可省略。①Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.②Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.③Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.④Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.⑤Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.⑥Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4．That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。①Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.②Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?③Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.④Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。⑤YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5．Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。①Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.②Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.③Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：①Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.②Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?6.关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在某些特定的情况下可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。在限制性定语从句中，能够省略关系代词的情况主要有：①当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语时。e.g.Ihavebeentothecitytwice(that/which)youjustvisited.②关系代词在从句中作表语时。e.g.Afterascoreofyears,Johnsonisnotthenaughtyboy(who/that)heusedtobe.③关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词不在关系代词之前时。e.g.Generationgapisaproblem(which/that)peopleareinterestedin.④主句以therebe开头时。很多时候关系代词可以省略，即使关系代词在从句中作主语。e.g.Thereisamistakeinyourcomposition(which)wantscorrecting.你的作文里有一个错误需要改正。（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions=ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingcondition-s.注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正)TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.迄今为止，他写了１０部小说，其中３部是关于农村生活的。（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents?2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?这3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.特别提示：在下面这个句子中，不能用why，只能用which或that。Idon’twanttohearanyreason(that/which)yo