建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术

网络教育学院专科生毕业大作业题目：建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术学习中心：福建梅山实验学院奥鹏层次：高起专专业：土木工程年级：2009年秋季学号：091014203051学生：危贵忠指导教师：薛志春完成日期：2011-09-15建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术I内容摘要近二三十年来，在世界建筑发展的大潮流中，人们可以明显看出，建筑节能是人类社会发展的必然趋势，是当今世界各国普遍重视的研究领域，也是我国改革开放和发展的迫切要求。大力提倡节约能源、资源的生产方式和消费方式，在全社会形成节约意识和风气，是加快建设社会节约型和谐社会。本文主要结合社会实际，对我国节能现状进行分析总结，对目前采用的各种保温形式的优缺点、应用情况以及国内外最新的建筑节能技术进行论述。关键词：建筑节能现状保温形式应用最新技术建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术II目录内容摘要·····························································································I1引言··························································································11.1建筑能耗的定义·······································································11.2建筑节能的概念·······································································11.3建筑节能的必要性····································································12我国建筑节能发展现状分析································································22.1我国建筑能耗的现状·································································22.2我国建筑节能发展缓慢的原因分析···············································22.3如何做好我国建筑节能的工作·····················································32.3.1完善建筑节能减排的法律和政策···········································32.3.2完善建筑节能减排的技术标准··············································32.3.3大力推进技术创新·····························································42.3.4加强执法监督···································································42.3.5加大建筑节能的宣传力度····················································43建筑保温形式技术及其优缺点·····························································53.1墙体保温形式··········································································53.1.1外墙内保温······································································53.1.2外墙夹心保温···································································53.1.3外墙外保温······································································63.2屋面保温形式··········································································73.2.1倒置型保温屋面································································73.2.2架空型保温屋面································································73.2.3生态覆盖式保温隔热屋面····················································83.3门窗保温形式··········································································84国内外建筑节能新技术······································································94.1相变贮能技术··········································································94.2各种辐射型采暖空调末端装置节能技术·········································94.3新风处理及空调系统的余热回收技术············································9建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术III4.4智能外遮阳技术·····································································104.5太阳能建筑一体化技术····························································104.6各种煤源热泵技术··································································104.6.1空气源热泵····································································104.6.2地下水水源热泵······························································114.6.3污水水源热泵·································································114.6.4地埋管式土壤源热泵························································114.7采暖空调系统的控制技术·························································114.8建筑冷热电联产技术·······························································124.9独立除湿空调节电技术····························································124.10红外热反射技术····································································124.11生态节能建筑技术·································································134.12建筑能耗模拟分析技术··························································135结语·····························································································14参考文献···························································································15致谢·································································································16建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术11引言1.1建筑能耗的定义建筑能耗有两种定义方法：广义建筑能耗是指从建筑材料制造、建筑施工，一直到建筑使用的全过程能耗。狭义的建筑能耗，即建筑的运行能耗，就是人们日常用能，如采暖、空调、照明、炊事、洗衣等的能耗，它是建筑能耗中的主导部分。1.2建筑节能的概念建筑节能是指在建筑材料生产、房屋建筑施工以及使用过程中合理地使用和有效地利用能源，以便在满足同等需要或达到相同目的的条件下，尽可能地降低能耗，达到提高建筑舒适性和节省能源的目标。1.3建筑节能的必要性实行建筑节能具有非常重要的作用和意义。①世界能源的紧缺是当前全球面临的三大问题之一，而经济的发展，依赖于能源的发展，要能源提供动力，是社会经济发展的需要；②近十几年来，世界上越来越关心燃烧矿物燃料所产生的污染问题。燃烧矿物燃料所排放的颗粒物以及碳和氮等有害气体会危害人体健康，造成空气的污染，导致了地球气候产生重大变化。如水旱灾害更加频繁、更加猛烈，海平面升高使一些岛国被淹没，飓风愈加凶猛并向高纬度扩展，大量物种迅速灭绝等等，从而使人类生存面临重大危机，建筑节能是减轻大气污染的需要；③随着现代化建设的发展和人民生活水平的提高，舒适的建筑热环境日益成为人们生活的需要；④节能建筑的兴建，促进了各设计施工和物业管理部门调整其技术结构和产业结构，是发展建筑产业的需要。建筑节能现状及建筑节能新技术22我国建筑节能发展现状分析2.1我国建筑能耗的现状世界面临着人口、能源、环境三大问题。我国人口众多，人均能源相对匮乏，环境保护力度不够。人均耕地只有世界人均耕地的1/3，水资源只有世界人均占有量的1/4，已探明的煤炭储量只占世界储量的11%，原油占2.4%。但是，我国单位建筑面积耗能目前却是发达国家的2—3倍。与发达国家相比，我国建筑钢材消耗高出10%—25%，每拌和1m³混凝土要多消耗水泥80kg；卫生洁具的耗水量高出30%以上，而污水回用率仅为发达国家的25%。此外，在我国人均耕地只有世界人均耕地1/3的情况下，每年新建建筑使用的实心粘土砖，毁掉了12万亩良田。更令人担忧的是，随着我国改革开放不断的深入，人民的生活水平的不断提高，人们对居住的环境要求也越来越高。近年来我国的建筑规模迅速扩大，同期比较，我国一年建成的房屋建筑面积是发达国家建筑面积的总和还要多。有资料显示[1]，本世纪20年内，我国的建筑业仍将迅速发展，预计到2020年底全国房屋建筑将达近700亿㎡。这些建筑在接下来的几十年至上百年的使用时间里，采暖、空调、通风、炊事、照明、热水供应等方面都需要不断消耗着大量能源，对全球大气排放有害气体进一步加深。如果不及时采取有效的建筑节能措施，这将加重我国对能源负担，对经济社会的可持续发展产生制约，对能源安全和