甘肃省静宁县集约化畜禽养殖污染防治项目建议书

****县集约化畜禽养殖污染防治项目项目建议书****县环境保护局二〇一一年五月2目录第一章总论········································································································11、意义和必要性、可行性··························································································11．1项目意义···········································································································11．2必要性··············································································································91．3可行性·············································································································101．4项目可行性研究的依据························································································152、项目建设地基础条件······························································································162．1自然地理状况····································································································162．2社会经济状况····································································································17第二章项目内容·······································································································191、项目主要内容·····································································································192、项目建设规模·····································································································193、项目建设目标·····································································································204、处理工艺方案·····································································································224．1废水处理工艺原理······························································································244．2固液分离处理系统······························································································244．3厌氧处理系统（上流式UASB处理工艺）·······························································244．4好氧处理系统····································································································24第三章工艺方案和进度安排························································································251、工艺方案··············································································································252、项目进度安排········································································································28第四章项目总投资预算······························································································28（一）、主体工程········································································································28（二）、附属工程········································································································30第五章项目效益分析·································································································343第六章项目风险分析·································································································35第七章项目的组织管理与运行·····················································································37第八章建议··········································································································37集约化畜禽养殖污染防治项目建议书1第一章总论1、意义和必要性、可行性1．1项目意义近十年来，我国的畜牧业向集约化和规模化方向迅速发展，但由于忽视了对畜禽养殖污水的处理和利用，造成了日趋严重的生态环境问题，特别是集约化养殖区面临环境治理的困扰尤为突出。因此，如何有效地控制和降低集约化养殖生产的环境污染，已成为畜牧生产与畜牧工程、环境保护和营养学工作者共同面临的急需解决的课题。畜禽养殖最主要的污染物是粪尿及其产生的有害气体。无论集约化或小规模养殖生产，由于粪污处理不妥当会导致的环境污染，不仅直接影响周围环境及本场畜禽的生产力和健康，而且间接影响产品品质、生产成本和效益，成为制约养猪生产可持续发展的关键。目前的现状不容乐观：一是集约化养殖随意发展，环境污染的治理难。以往在建设集约化养殖区时，往往将运输、销售等因素考虑得多，而没有全面考虑产业布局的合理性及生态环境建设的同步发展，以致现有的大多数集约化养殖场建设在人口较密集、土地占有量相对较少、交通方便的农业生产精华区，造成对环境的污染。二是清粪工艺存在的问题。集约化养殖区清粪方式主要有水冲粪、水泡粪（利用重力自流粪）、人工干清粪和机械清粪等几种。水冲粪或水泡粪的清粪方式可以提高劳动效率，但粪便与大量的水混合后，给后处理造集约化畜禽养殖污染防治项目建议书2成了极大的困难；同时，由于粪便中的大量营养物质溶于水中，使分离后的固体物料肥效大大降低，而污水处理的有机负荷却大大增加，粪污处理投入相应高，使业主难以承受。人工清粪的特点是方法简便、投资少，且养分损失小；但缺点是劳动强度较大。部分养殖场由于惧怕清除粪便的劳动力投入，期望机械清除，故靠加水作为刮粪的润滑剂。然而，机械清粪虽劳动生产率高，但设备的耐用性差且运行费用高，不太适合我国的国情。因此，目前许多养殖场采用明沟排污，雨水没有做到分别收集；这是造成粪污任意流失导致环境污染、粪污不能作为资源利用的重要原因。三是粪污处理工艺不当，环保设施不配套。我国现有的集约化养殖场的绝大多数在设计之初，没有充分考虑粪污处理设施或处理工艺不符合要求造成粪尿渗漏，大量氮肥、磷渗入地下或流入水体，引起土壤、地表水和地下水污染。部分养殖场采用生态循环的方式进行粪污处理其处理效果显著并取得了一定的经济效益。但由于养殖场饲养规模往往偏大，粪污的排放量与周围农田面积和农作物的消纳能力不匹配，且未能解决农田及农作物在非施肥期间的粪污出路问题，致使部分粪污无法及时消纳，导致地表水的富营养化。除生态循环利用处理方式外，大部分养殖场粪污处理工程的关键是粪水处理工艺的改进与提高。四是环境法规的不健全和资金短缺带来的问题。由于环境法规的不健全，绝大多数集约化畜禽养殖区在建设初期都未考虑粪污水的处理与利用，使得舍内粪便得不到及时清理或清理不彻底，排到舍外的粪便未经处理直接露天堆放，从而导致养殖场及其周围恶臭、蚊蝇孳生；大量的污水直接向外排放，水源受到严重破坏；有些养殖场虽把环境设施与主体工程同时设计，但业主由于资金短缺末同时施工、同时集约化畜禽养殖污染防治项目建议书3投入使用；造成污染废弃物无法处理，造成对环境污染。实施集约化畜禽养殖污染防治及生态环境可持续的循环经济发展战略是实现环境保护和畜牧业可持续发展的必然选择。1．1．1国际循环经济的发展与实践循环经济以系统论和生态学为理念重新审视经济学，它把经济系统看成一个以生态系统为基础，以从生态系统中取得自然资源来支撑社会子系统、经济子系统和环境子系统的发展；各系统之间互相作用、相互影响，取得动态平衡，实现人、自然与科学技术相和谐的可持续发展目标。因此，循环经济是与传统的“资源消费——产品——废物排放”开放式物质流动经济模式相对应的“资源消费——产品——再生资源”封闭型物质流动经济模式，其技术特征表现为资源消耗的减量化（Reduce）、再利用化（Reuse）、资源再生化（Recycle），即3R原则。循环经济基本模式（自然资源＊产品＊再生资源）主要在企业、产业和社会3个循环层次开展，并且彼此之间通过“交叉催化”的耦合作用形成循环网络结构。当前，源头预防和全过程治理替代末端治理是各国环境与发展政策的主流，发展循环经济已成为世界各国战略的必然选择。循环经济作为人类发展历史上的一种先进模式，正越来越为国际社会所接受。目前，国际上已经开展了大量生产与循环经济有关的研究与实践。如美国、加拿大、日本、德国、奥地利、瑞典、爱尔兰、荷兰、丹麦、法国、英国、意大利等国家较早就开始了循环经济的发展实践，发展循环经济已经逐步从理念转变为现实。在企业层次、