第一讲句子成分解析

1第一讲句子成分一．句子的定义句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用以表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或感叹号。如：1.Thefoundationofdemocracyisthewillofthepeopletopreserveliberty.2.Whatmotivesgovernedhisactions?3.Whatabeautifulgirlsheis!二．词类概述能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（partsofspeech）。英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。三．句子成分句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.指出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.⑤Exercisinghalfananhouradayisgoodtoourhealth.⑥wheretofindhelpisstillaproblem.⑦Thathewonthefirstprizesurprisedusall.(Itsurprisedusallthathewonthefirstprize.)指出必修一Unit2课文第一段句子主语的中心词①Attheendofthe16thcentury,aboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.②NearlyallofthemlivedinEngland.③Laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.④Today,morepeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirst,secondoraforeignlanguagethaneverbefore.2（二）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（三）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达证实，变成之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.（四）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.32.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语:ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语:admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。（五）宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（六）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定语从句)更多例子：Theyarewomenworkers.她们是女工。（名词作定语）4Tom'sfatherdidn'twritehomeuntilyesterday.汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信。（所有格名词作定语）Equalpayforequalworkshouldbeintroduced.应当实行同工同酬。（形容词作定语）Theplayhasthreeacts.这出戏有三幕。（数词作定语）ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope.这是她首次欧洲之行。（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中国是一个发展中国家。（现在分词作定语）Youhaven'tkeptyourpromisetowriteusoften.你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。（动词不定式短语作定语）Mycathasagoodnoseformilk.我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏。（介词短语作定语）ThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.想去西藏的人须在此签名。（从句作定语）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttrave