翻译概论

IntroductiontoC-ETranslation•Fullattendance•Activeparticipation•Well-doneassignments•EagertopracticewritingCourserequirementSchedulefortheSemester•Semantictranslation(8Chapters)•Syntactictranslation(5Chapters)•Textualtranslation(5Chapters)Computer-aidedTranslation(CAT)••2014.9.22-2015.1.30翻译概论TeachingContents:•1.Definition•2.Nature•3.Scopeoftranslation•4.Principles/CriteriaofTranslation•5.ProcessesofTranslationTheTowerofBabel1.TheDefinitionofTranslation•1)Torenderinanotherlanguage.--AmericanHeritageDictionary转换成另一种语言。--《韦氏大词典》•2)“把一种语言的文字用另一种语言表达出来”--《辞海》《现代汉语词典》•广义的翻译指语言与语言，语言变体与语言变体，语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达。•3)Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage(源语言),firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(EugeneA.Nida&CharlesR.Taber:TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,1969)•狭义的翻译是一种语言活动，是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来。•4)“Translationistheexpressioninonelanguage(ortargetlanguage译入语)ofwhathasbeenexpressedinanotherlanguage(sourcelanguage原语),preservingsemanticandstylisticequivalences.”–Dubois2.Principles/CriteriaofTranslation•In1791,aBritishtheoristAlexanderFraserTytlerwroteabookentitled“EssaysonthePrinciplesofTranslation”onwhichheproposedthreeprinciplesfortranslation:•1)Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideaoftheoriginalwork.•2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.•3)Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.•Infact,theseprinciplescoincidewiththecriteriaproposedbyafamousChinesetranslatorYanfu,whichare•faithfulness,•expressiveness,•elegance.•In1791,aBritishtheoristAlexanderFraserTytlerwroteabookentitled“EssaysonthePrinciplesofTranslation”onwhichheproposedthreeprinciplesfortranslation:•1)Thetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideaoftheoriginalwork.•2)Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.•3)Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.faithfulnessexpressivenesselegance3.翻译课的性质（nature）•翻译是一门技巧（technique）课，翻译课必须给学生足够的实践练习机会。•翻译本身又是一门科学（science），是有规律可循的。把规律上升到理论就是翻译理论。•文学翻译的人常常发现翻译不仅仅是技巧、是科学，它同时又是一门艺术（arts）。文学作品包括小说、诗歌、散文、剧本等，本身就是艺术品。译品也应该是艺术品。•如何成为合格的译者？4.Scopeoftranslation•Intermsofmaterials1.Scientificmaterials2.Translationofliteraryworks3.Translationofpoliticalessays4.BusinessTranslation5.Translationofpracticalwriting(应用文)•Intermsofdisposal1.full-texttranslation全文翻译2.abridgedtranslation节译，摘译3.adaptedtranslation编译•Intermsoflanguage1.Nativelanguagesintoforeignlanguages2.Foreignlanguagesintonativelanguages•Intermsofthemode1.Oralinterpretation口译2.Writtentranslation笔译3.Machinetranslation计算机翻译humantranslation5.ProcessesofTranslation•西方翻译界常将翻译前的各种准备工作，甚至包括与出版商打交道也视为翻译过程的组成部分。•一般来说，翻译过程主要包括理解、表达和校核这三个方面。理解comprehension广义理解狭义理解对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反应。狭义的理解仅指对原作本文的理解。这种理解主要包括语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析semanticanalysisstylisticanalysistextanalysis理解Comprehension•1)语义理解•Hehasbadlywoundedinthehead.•他头部受了重伤。•Hehasagoodheadformathematics.•他的数学能力很强。•Thedinnercostusfivedollarsahead.•这顿饭花去我们每人5元钱。•Goandasktheheadofourdepartment.•问我们系上的头去。•Whereisthehead?•厕所在哪？（船上用语）•2)语境理解•e.g.“Youhaveleftthedooropen.”hasdifferentutterancemeanings:•(1).Reportafactthatyouforgottoclosethedoor.•(2).Thatiswhytheroomissocold.•(3).Closethedoor,please.3)文化理解•动物•山中无老虎，猴子称霸王•Inthelandoftheblind,theone-eyedmanisking.•如鱼得水•likeaducktowater•多如牛毛•asplentifulasblackberries交往礼仪•欢迎，欢迎。（幸会、久仰）•Gladtomeetyou.•Iampleasedtoseeyou.•It'ssuchapleasuretoseeyou.•走好、慢走、保重、有空来玩•Goodbye/•Seeyou./•Takecare./•Docomeagain.•不见不散!•Seeyou!•Pleasebethereontime.•请笑纳（别嫌弃/一点小意思）•Ihopeyouwilltakeit.•别客气/别见外/没什么•Don'tmentionit.•Itisapleasure.•Notatall.•Nevermind.•恭喜发财！•Goodluck！表达Expressiveness•表达是理解后能否保证译文成功的又一重要关键步骤，是理解的深化和体现。•在这一过程中，译者要注意恰到好处地再现原文的思想内容和语体色彩，使译文既忠实于原作又符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。•要做到这一点，译者就必须在选词用字、组词成句、组句成篇上下功夫，在技巧运用上下功夫。•1.LiteralTranslation/直译andFreeTranslation/意译•2.Transliteration音译法•3.ForeignizingTranslation/异化andDomesticatingTranslation/归化1).直译的例子：•armedtotheteeth•武装到牙齿;全副武装•chainreaction•连锁反应;•gentlemen’sagreement•君子协定;•onecountry,twosystems•一国两制;•papertiger•纸老虎;•coldwar•冷战•Thethreereligionsandthenineschoolsofthought•三教九流;•Bloodisthickerthanwater.•血浓于水。•hotline•热线•hotgirlsincoolsuit/spicygirls•辣妹•blackmarket•黑市•breatheone’slast•断气;•gotoone’sexternalrest•安息;•thelongsleep•长眠;•seeMarx•见马克思;•gotoheaven•上天堂;•blowoutthecandles•吹灯拔蜡•Gowest•上西天;•Hewalkedattheheadofthefuneralprocession,everynowandthenwipedhiscrocodiletearswithabighandkerchief.•他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪。•TheSenateForeignRelationsCommitteetodayextendedtheolivebranchtotheClintonGovernmentbypleadingforcooperationindevelopingforeignpolicy.•参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。•2)几种需要意译的情况：•1.含有典故的文化习语•Itrainscatsanddogs.•大雨滂沱。•atsixesandsevens•乱七八糟，七嘴八舌•Talkofthedevil,andhe'ssuretoappear.•说曹操，曹操到。•2.必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达•Everydoghashisday.•人人都有得意的日子。•Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.•一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。•3.适当调整转换•Hewasseizedwiththedespairingsenseofhelplessness.•他被束手无策的绝望感抓住了。•他忽然产生了束手无策的绝望感。•Thecommuniqu