珍贵资料--高中英语语法总结归纳--历年高考真题常考点详细归纳讲解与练习1--冠词

1第一章冠词冠词可以分为定冠词（the），不定冠词（a,an），和零冠词（即不用冠词，如They’restudents.students前就可以说用的零冠词。Waterisimportant.我们可以说water前用的零冠词。）冠词的用法上可以分为：特指、独指和类指。第1讲冠词的特指、独指和类指考点1.定冠词的特指用法定冠词的特指用法：非常明确地指出何人或何物。可以分为前照应特指、后照应特指和语境特指。I.前照应特指定冠词在前面，由后置修饰语来确定是何人何物。如：Thisisthebookyoulentmeyesterday.ThisistheboyfromEngland.1._____oldladyinbrownis_____universityprofessor.A.An;aB.An;/C.The;anD.The;a2.Ilikemusic,butIdon’tlike_____musicofthisfilm.A.aB.anC.theD./3.—Howwas_____dinneratMike’shouse?—Itwasgreat.Mike’smumis_____wonderfulcook.A.a;theB.the;aC.the;theD.a;anII.后照应特指冠词用在后面的名词前，和前面提到的同一名词相照应。（也就是第一次提到某物某人用不定冠词，再次提到时用定冠词。冠词在后面照应。）如：Iboughtabookyesterday.Thebookcostme20yuan.4.Thisis_____egg._____eggisbig.A.a;AB.an;AnC.a;TheD.an;The5.Thereis_____bridgeoverthere._____bridgeismadeofwood.A.the;TheB.a;AC.the;AD.a;TheIII.语境特指不是建立在上下文的照应关系上，而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上。如：Openthedoor.Whereisthebook？6.【2011全国II】Ashereached_____frontdoor,Jacksaw_____strangesight.A.the;/B.a;theC./；aD.the;a7.【2011山东】Takeyourtime—it’sjust_____shortdistancefromhereto_____restaurant.A./;theB.a;theC.the;aD./;a8.【2006北京】Iknockedovermycoffeecup.Itwentrightover_____keyboard.Youshouldn’tputdrinksnear_____computer.A.the;/B.the;aC.a;/D.a;a9.【2008江西】—Iamsosorrytohavecomelateforthemeeting.—Itisnotyourfault.With_____rush-hourtrafficand_____heavyrain,itisnowonderyouwerelate.A.a;aB.the;theC./;/D./;a考点2.独指：指世上独一无二的事定冠词的独指用法：世界上独一无二的事物前，要用定冠词。如：thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,theuniverse,etc.10.Wecansee_____sunand_____moonin_____picture.A.a;the;theB.the;a;theC.a;the;aD.the;the;the11.It’s_____pleasuretosee_____sunrisingin_____east.A./;the;/B.a;/;/C.a;the;theD./;the;the考点3.类指I.可数名词表示类指时，有三种情况。Ahorseisadomestic（家养的）animal.=Thehorseisadomesticanimal.=Horsesaredomesticanimals.但是这三种类指方法各有侧重:the指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的(多用于谈论发明物和科技问题)。如：ThecompasswasinventedinChina,butthecomputerwasnot.罗盘是在中国发明的，但计算机不是。a(n)侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。如：Acathasfourlegs.猫有四条腿。不用冠词的复数名词侧重指类别中的许多个体。如：Childrenusuallystartwalkingataroundoneyearold.小孩儿一般一岁左右开始走路。Doyoulikehorses?你喜欢马吗？(不能说Doyoulikeahorse?)在类指时如何使用冠词要根据所要表达内容的具体情况而定。Thetigerisindangerofbecomingextinct.虎有灭绝的危险。(不能说“Atigerisindangerofbecomingextinct.”。濒临灭绝指的是整个虎类，而不是任何一只老虎都面临灭绝的危险。)12._____areverypopularwithpeopleallovertheworld,butdoyouknowwhowasitthatinvented_____telephone?A.Thetelephone;/B.Telephone;aC.Thetelephones;theD.Telephones;the13._____trainsarefasterthan_____buses.A./;/B.The;/C./;theD.The;a14.【2012江西】TheSmithsdon’tlikestayingat_____hotels,butlastsummertheyspentafewdaysataverynicehotelby_____sea.A./;aB.the;theC./;theD.the;a15._____isknownbyitsnote,_____isknownbyhistalk.A.Abird;amanB.Onebird;onemanC.Thebird;themanD.Bird;man16.【2011全国I】Itisgenerallyacceptedthat_____boymustlearntostandupandfightlike_____man.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD.a;/17.InChina,_____carisbecoming_____popularmeansoftransportation.A.the;aB.a;/C.the;theD.a;the18.Theinventionof_____wheelisagreatcontributionto_____man.A.the;/B./;/C.a;theD./;the19.【2009北京】Thebiggestwhaleis_____bluewhale,whichgrowstobeabout29meterslong—theheightof_____9-storybuilding.A.the;theB.a;aC.a;theD.the;aII.不可数名词泛指时不用冠词，特指时用定冠词Waterisaliquid.水是液体。Musicisanart.音乐是艺术。Thewaterinthebottlegoesbad.20.Moneyplaysanimportantrolein______materialworld.Butexpecting______moneytogivehappinessmaybemissingthemeaningoflife.A.a;theB.the;/C./;/D.the;the21.Sincehehasnosenseof______humor,I’msurehedidn’tcatch______humorinyourremarks.A./;theB.a;theC.a;/D.the;a22.Itisknowntoallthat______lighttravelsfasterthan______sound.A./;/B.a;aC.the;theD.the;/23.【2010福建】It’s______goodfeelingforpeopletoadmiretheShanghaiWorldExpothatgivesthem______pleasureA./;aB.a;/C.the;aD.a;the24.【2008湖南】Haveyouheard______news？Thepriceof______petrolisgoingupagain!A.the;theB./;theC.the;/D./;/25.【2012全国新课标】Sarahlookedat______finishedpaintingwith______satisfaction.A./;aB.a;theC.the;/D.the;a26.【2013新课标I】Indiaattained____independencein1947,after_____longstruggle.A./;aB.the;aC.an;/D.an;the链接：抽象名词前面不用冠词泛指时侧重于表达一种概念。如上面题中的attainindependence,withsatisfaction表达的是“获得独立”(答疑qq329950885)这个概念，并不是强调获得哪次独立。在可数名词中，gotoschool去上学，beinhospital在住院；而gototheschool去那所学校（不一定是去上学），beinthehospital在那家医院（不一定是生病）。我们可以看出，不管是可数名词还是抽象名词，不用冠词时可以表示概念，用定冠词时表示特指。考点4.名词有修饰语时，前面不一定都用定冠词Ilikebookswithhardcovers.我喜欢精装书。Ilikethebookswithhardcovers.我喜欢那些精装书。在第一句中，books是泛指精装书这一类书。在第二句中，是特指，所以用定冠词。在第一句中，withhardcovers是描绘性定语。在第二句中，withhardcovers是限定性定语，指的是那些书中精装的那些，而不是别的。限制性定语：指of引导的定语或某些定语从句，他们限制名词的意义，是指特定的内容，和它相对的则是描绘型定语（这种定语只描绘，不限定意思）：名词被限制性定语修饰时，前面用定冠词；被描绘性定语修饰时，不用定冠词。Shecaredlittleforsociallife.她对社交生活不太感兴趣。(social为描绘性定语)Hehasalwaysbeeninterestedinclassicalmusic.他一向喜欢古典音乐。（classical为描绘性定语）Thisisthebookyouwant.这是你想要的那本书。（youwant为限制性定语）3Thisisabookyoumustread.这是一本你必须要读的书。（youmustread为描绘性定语）27.【2000全国】Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwith______animalsof______differentkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A.the;aB./;aC.the;theD./;the28.【2012浙江】Thedevelopmentofindustryhasbeen______gradualprocessthroughout______humanexistencefromstonetoolstomoderntechnology.A./;theB.the;aC.a;/D.a;a29.【2010浙江】Manylifestylepatternsdosuch______greatharmtohealthth