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当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 管理学资料 > 自考-00832-英语词汇学-自考本科词汇学重点笔记
1/10自考本科词汇学重点笔记Lexicology(词汇学):isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.TheNatureandScopeofEnglishlexicology:EnglishlexicologyaimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandwordequivalents,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.ThesubjectsthatEnglishLexicologycorrelatedwithandextentto:EnglishLexicologyiscorrelatedwithsuchlinguisticdisciplinesasmorphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics(文体论)andlexicography(词典学)ThereasonforastudenttostudyEnglishlexicology:Accordingtothetextbook,EnglishLexicologywilldefinitelybebeneficialforstudentsofEnglish.AgoodknowledgeofmorphologicalstructuresofEnglishwordsandrulesofword-formationwillhelplearnersdeveloptheirpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreasetheirwordpower.Theinformationofthehistoricaldevelopmentandtheprinciplesofclassificationwillgivethemadeeperunderstandingofword-meaningandenablethemtoorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Theunderstandingandtheirsenserelationswillgraduallyraisetheirawarenessofmeaningandusage,andenablethemusewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Aworkingknowledgeofdictionarieswillimprovetheirskillsofusingreferencebooksandraisetheirproblem-solvingabilityandefficiencyofindividualstudy.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord(词的定义):Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning(声音与意义):almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform(读音和形式):不统一的四个原因(1)theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother(2)thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears(3)someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes(4)theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabularyVocabulary(词汇):allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabularyClassificationofEnglishWords:Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabularyBynotion:contentwords&functionalwordsByorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsThebasicwordstock(基本词汇):isthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.ThoughitconstituteasmallpercentageoftheEV,itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.TheFundamentalFeaturesoftheBasicWordStock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-Nationalcharacter(全民通用性mostimportant)2)Stability(相对稳定性)3)Productivity(多产性)4)Polysemy(多义性)5)Collocability(可搭配性)没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon(行话)(3)slang(俚语)(4)Argot(暗语)(5)Dialectalwords(方言)(6)Archaisms(古语)(7)Neologisms(新词语):Neologismsmeansnewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.(email)Contentwords/notionalwords实词(cloud,runwalk,never,five,frequently)andfunctionalwords/emptywords虚词(on,of,and,be,but)NativeWordsandBorrowedWordsNativewords(本族语词):knownasAnglo-Saxonwords(50,000-60,000),arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5th2/10centurybytheGermanictribes.(mainstreamofthebasicword-stocks).Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords(外来语词):wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)4Typesofloanwords:1)denizens(同化词):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))2)aliens(非同化词/外来词):areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling(kowtow(CH)磕头)3)translationloans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee(fromChina)4)semanticloans(借义词):theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowedChapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily(印欧语系)TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow):infactmorethan25%ofmodernEwordscomealmostdirectlyfromclassicallanguages.InModernE,wordsendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexpections.Englishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguage(OldEnglish)tothepresentanalyticlanguage.ModesofVocabularyDevelopment(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词:theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelytoots,affixesandotherelements.(最重要方式)2)semanticchange旧词新义:doesnotincreasethenumberofwordformsbutcreatemanymorenewuseagesofthewords.3)borrowing借用外来词:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsRevivingwordsorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.Chapter3WordFormationIMorpheme(词素):thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwordsAllomorph(词素变体):isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme,differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaningTypeofMorpheme(词素的分类)(1)FreeMorphemes(自由词素):havecompletemeaninginthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).(2)BoundMorpheme(粘着语素):Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.BoundMorphemeincludestwotypes:(1)boundroot(粘附词根)(2)Affix(词缀)Affixescanbeputintotwogroups:1)Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀):affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectio
本文标题:自考-00832-英语词汇学-自考本科词汇学重点笔记
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