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地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,业务学习时间:2016/01/26-学习人:杨红内容:休克病人的护理休克,系各种强烈致病因素作用于机体,使循环功能急剧减退,组织器官微循环灌流严重不足,以至重要生命器官机能、代谢严重障碍的全身危重病理过程。休克是一急性的综合征。在这种状态下,全身有效血流量减少,微循环出现障碍,导致重要的生命器官缺血缺氧。即是身体器官需氧量与得氧量失调。症状和诊断初始症状可能有疲乏、嗜睡和意识模糊;皮肤湿冷并且常常发绀和苍白;按压皮肤,皮色恢复较正常慢得多,皮下可见青蓝色的网状条纹;脉搏细弱而快速;呼吸急促;血压下降明显。当休克是由血管的过度扩张引起时,症状可能有某些不同。例如,患者皮肤可以温暖和潮红,特别是在起病之初。在休克的最早阶段,尤其是在败血性休克时,许多症状常不出现或不易发现,除非特别仔细地观察。血压非常低;尿流也相当缓慢,血中代谢产物蓄积。预后急救方法首先给病人保暖,并稍微抬高下肢以利血液回流心脏。止血,检查呼吸情况。将患者的头偏向一侧,防止呕吐物吸入。不要经口进食。急诊可以使用机械式人工呼吸。所有药物都应静脉给予。静脉输液,在输血前应交叉合血。仍在继续失血或丢失体液或休克是由于心肌梗死或其他与血容量无关的因素所致,可使用收缩血管的药物来增加流向心脏和大脑的血量。纠正异常的心率和心律,必要时可以增加血容量。心率缓慢可用阿托品增加心率,也可用另外一些药物来增加心肌收缩能力。治疗原则1一般处理:平卧位或采用病人与人头和躯干抬高15°~20°,下肢抬高20°~30°卧位,以利呼吸和静脉回流。常用鼻导管给氧,缺氧严重采用面罩给氧。及早建立静脉通路。注意保暖。2补充血容量:应地形平坦开阔,地层由第四系全新冲积层,第四系上更新统冲层组成,局部表覆第四系全新统人工堆积层。第四系全新统冲积层厚度约25~50m,岩性主要为黏土、粉质黏土、粉土、粉砂、细砂;第四系上更新统冲积层厚度大于50m,岩性主要为黏性土、粉土、粉细砂等。管桩深度范围内地层主要为:粉土、黏土、粉质黏土,局部表层为杂填土。couplingCentreshallbechecked,thesecondpouredconcretestrengthofmorethan70%.Intheprocessofreamingorboring,apartfromthespecialprovisionsinfactory,doesnotallowanyworkthatmayaffectthecouplingCentre,suchasirrigation,tocylinderconnectionstofloodthecondenserpipesandsoon.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Mountingboltsshouldbeaddedlubricants,typinggentlywithasmallhammer,nottoolooseortootight,packedtheboltswiththecorrespondingsealscrewholeshouldbemarked.6.4.5.4.2couplingreamedandpairingsisclosetothediameterofboltbearinggoodhingeholes,dressedwithagoodtwocouplingboltsbeforeyoucanmovetherotor,boring-reamingholeinturn.Couplingboltsmustbetightcouplingissymmetricaldiameter,inboring,reaming,twoboltsout.Wellboring,hingeboltholeflangewithcouplingofvertical,notoblique.Duetothecouplingboltsinaccordancewithhingeholescorrespondingtothediameterofthescrewholesonebyoneafterprocessing,processingbackboltinstallationlocationcannotbechanged,soaccordingtoboltaftertheactualweightdifferenceofnutandlockwashertomatch.Generalrequirementsforcouplingtwosymmetricaldiameterbolt,nutandlockwasher'stotalweightdifferenceshouldnotbegreaterthan10gandknocksstampedmark.(SeeFigure18)Thecouplingboltsapplylubricant,andthengentlywithcopperhome,nottoolooseortootight.BoltAssemblyisfinished,symmetricaltighteningallboltsto30%,50%,70%,100%force,andcheckthecouplingflutterandbeforeconnectingthecirclegraduallychangesitsvalueshouldbelessthan0.02mm.Tighteningtorqueofthecouplingboltsshallcomplywiththetechnicalrequirementsmanufacturersdrawings,withadynamometricwrenchorlogtensiontools.Threewheelrotorswingtestcouplingconnectionsshouldbechecked:takingleave,及早、大量、快速补液。采用晶体液,根据病情给予全血、血浆、血浆增量剂等胶体渗透压。3处理原发病:是纠正休克的先决条件。4应用血管活性药物:如血容量基本补足而循环仍未好转时选用血管活性药物如(1)血管扩张剂:α受体阻滞剂、抗胆碱类药物(2)血管收缩剂:去甲肾上腺素、间羟胺、多巴胺、肾上腺素(3)强心药:西地兰、洋地黄。5纠正酸中毒:5%碳酸氢钠6治疗DIC改善微循环:早期用肝素抗凝剂,继发纤维蛋白溶解选用氨甲苯酸。7皮质类固酮的应用:常用于感染性休克一般主张大剂量冲击性给药1~2次,防止产生副作用。休克并发症可发生心力衰竭、急性呼吸衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭、脑功能障碍和急性肝功能衰竭等并发症。临床监测(一)观察临床表现1.精神状态精神状态能够反应脑组织灌注情况。患者神志淡漠或烦躁、头晕、眼花或从卧位改为坐位时出现晕厥,常表示循环血量不足,休克依然存在。2.肢体温度、色泽肢体温度和色泽能反应体表灌流的情况。四肢温暖、皮肤干燥,轻压指甲或口唇时局部暂时苍白而松压后迅速转为红润,表示外周循环已有改善。四肢皮肤苍白、湿冷、轻压指甲或口唇时颜色变苍白而松压后恢复红润缓慢,表示末梢循环不良,休克依然存在。3.脉搏休克时脉搏细速出现在血压下降之前。休克指数是脉率与收缩压之比,休克指数为0.5,一般表示无休克;1.0~1.5,表示存在休克;在2以上,表示休克严重。(二)血流动力学监测1.血压。休克早期,剧烈的血管收缩可使血压保持或接近正常,以后血压逐渐下降。收缩压11.97kPa(90mmHg),脉压2.66kPa(20mmHg),是休克存在的依据。血压回升,脉压增大,表示休克转好。2.心电监测心电改
本文标题:休克病人的护理
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