非谓语动词作成分

主语Itisveryimportanttomasteraforeignlanguage.Readingnewspaperscanincreaseourknowledge.BeingadmittedtoHarvardUniversityisanhonor.Itisnouse/good/uselessdoingItisfun/awasteoftimedoingThereisnoneedtodo/nodoubtthat/nopointindoingThereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.这种事是不能开玩笑的。宾语(1)有些动词只要求动词不定式作宾语，如want,decide,learn,pretend,hope,expect,refuse,manage,long,promise,offer,hate(2)要求用动名词作宾语，常见的这类动词有admit,advise,appreciate,avoid,consider,confess,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,envy,fancy,favor,finish,forbid,imagine,include,involve,keep,mind,miss,mention,pardon,permit,practice,prevent,quit,resist,risk,stand,suggest,understand等。动词不定式复合结构It’sdifficultforyoutostudyEnglish.It’sniceofyoutohelpme.Ifeelitrighttotellherthetruth.动名词复合结构在句中作主语或宾语等由动名词的逻辑主语即物主代词或名词所有格+动名词短语构成TheircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtousSheinsistedonme/my/hermother(’s)stayingforlunchWeconsidered/foundhim(tobe)dishonest.我们发现他不诚实。Weallsupposehimtobedead.我们都以为他死了。有些动词如consider,prove,know,feel,suppose,discover,imagine,find等也可跟“宾语+tobe”的形式，使用中应注意。例如：宾语补足语有些动词如allow,advise,ask,beg,believe,call,cause,enable,encourage,get,invite,order,teach,tell等后边常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。Iinvitedhimtocomehere.Hewasinvitedtocomehere.TheteacherallowedmetofinishmyhomeworkonFriday.在make,let,have等使役动词后；在see,watch,lookat,observe,feel,hear,listento,notice等表示感官的动词后省去动词不定式符号“to”。但如这些词用被动，则带toThatmademequit.Hewasheardtorejectthesuggestion.1.不定式作宾补Iwasmadetoquit.2.-ing做宾补1.感官动词see,hear,findsb.doing等2.使役动词have，get,leave,keep,send,won’thavesbdoing等Ifoundthemanlyingontheground.Tomkeptuswaitinginthewind.Theexplosionsentusrunninginalldirections.Iwon’thavemychildrensayingdirtywords.当谓语动词变成被动时Themanwasfoundlyingontheground.Wewerekeptwaitinginthewind.-ed做宾补1.感官动词see,hear,findsb/sthdone等2.使役动词have，get,leave,keep等Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.Weheardthestorytold.Weheardthestorybeingtold.当动词变成被动时Theylefttheworkhalfdone.Theworkwaslefthalfdone.Herbikewasfoundstolen.Shefoundherbikestolen当“have”作“有”解释时，如果后面跟有表达某些感情的名difficulty,trouble,problem,fun,ahardtime等通常使用动名词，实际上这种句型是在动名词前省去了介词in。例如：Hehasdifficulty(in)speakingEnglish?IstillrememberthegreatfunIhad____Disneyland.A.visitedBvisitingCvisitDtovisit定语不定式作定语常表将来，与靠近的名词或代词有逻辑的动宾关系，但其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般用主动语态。Ihavemuchworktodo.Heisalwaysthefirsttocome.I‘dlikesomeexcitingmusictolistento.Wefoundthebookdifficulttounderstand.如果句子找不出上述逻辑主语，或不定式的逻辑主语不是句中主语时，则一般用被动语态。Herbossgotalotofletterstobetyped.(不是老板自己打，而是别人打)“Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashedtoday”-ing作定语与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系，或表进行-ed作定语表被动，或完成Thecarwaitingoutside,songswrittenbyJackson.Fallenleaves,retiredworkers不能用分词的完成式作定语，但中间有逗号隔开时可以如Theboyhavingwonthegoldmetalismycousin.XThequestion,havingbeendiscussedforthousandsofyears,hasnowbeensolved.对比：Themeetingheldyesterday/beingheldnow/tobeheldtomorrow状语不定式做状语大多表目的，放后面时不用逗号隔开；有时表出乎意料的结果，一般有逗号。Thechildrenallturned______thefamousactressassheenteredtheclassroom.A.lookedatB.tolookatC.tolookingatD.lookatSchoolsacrossChinaareexpectedtohire50,000collegegraduatesthisyearasshort-termteachers,almostthreetimesthenumberhiredlastyear,___reduceunemploymentpressures.A.helpB.tohavehelpedC.tohelpD.havinghelpedHewokeup（only）toseehewasinhospital.分词及分词短语作状语可表示时间，原因，条件，结果，让步，方式或伴随情况。分词（短语）可以放在句首也可放在句末，通常用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。分词前可带“when,while,as,once,until,if”等连接词。例如：（While）Walkingalongthestreet,wefoundapurselyingontheground.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.Nothavingreceivedananswer,Iwroteagain.Nothavingbeentested,thisnew-typeoilpumpcan’tbeputintoproduction.常用过去分词形式作定语，补语，状语的动词：Seated,dressed,lost,gone,hidden,exposed,devoted,absorbed,caught,stuck等，但如果这些词后有宾语则用主动，如______hiswayintheforest,heburstintotears.______intheforest,heburstintotears.Isawagirl______totherain.Isawagirl______herselftotherain.常用主动的感官动词（look，smell,taste等），sell，hang,measureLosingLostexposedexposing固定结构：Generally/honestlyspeakingJudgingfrom/byComparedto/withTotellthetruthTobehonestConsidering/givenGiven/consideringhisinterestinchildren,teachingseemtherightjobforher.分词独立结构Everythinghavingbeenprepared,theybegantomakeanewexperiment.Themeetingbeingover,weheldadiscussion.Helefttheroomangrily,withoutawordmorespoken.Therebeingalotofbookstoread,heoftenstudiedtillmidnight.1.________(finish)hishomework,hewentouttoplay.2.______theprojectintime,thestaffwereworkingatweekends.A.CompletingB.HavingcompletedC.TohavecompletedD.Tocomplete3.______,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.A.BeingawinnerB.TobeawinnerC.BeawinnerD.Havingbeenawinner4.____andshortofbreath,AndyandRubywerethefirsttoreachthetopofMountTai.A.TobetiredB.TiredC.TiringD.Beingtired5._____downtheradio----thebaby'sasleepinthenextroom.A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnedD.Turn6._____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose7.____up,oryou’llbelate.A.HurryingB.HurryChavinghurriedD.hurried8.____(buy)somechocolatewhenyouareinItaly.9._____somechocolateiswhattouristsinItalyoftendo.在句型“Therebeno＋主语”中，习惯上常用–ing形式作主语，且不带逻辑主语。如：Thereisnoparkingaroundhere.这周围不准停车。Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.(=Itisimpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.