热能与动力工程专业英语(整理版)

热能与动力工程ThermalEnergyandPowerEngineering材料与能源学院：InstituteofMaterialsandEnergy空调制冷：refrigerationandairconditioning热传导：thermolconduction热对流：thermalconvection热辐射：thermalradiation学生毕业后能胜任现代火力发电厂,制冷与低温工程及相关的热能与动力工程专业的技术与管理工作,并能从事其它能源动力领域的专门技术工作.ThegraduatesmayfindemploymentoftechnologyandmanagementinthefieldsoftheThermalEnergy&PowerEngineering(TEPE)anditsrelevance,suchasmodernpowerplantortheRefrigerationandCryogenicsEngineering(RCE),thegraduatesmayalsoengagedinthespecialtechniqueinthefieldsrelatedtoTEPE.现代空气动力学、流体力学、热力学、水力学以及航空航天工程、水利水电工程、热能工程、流体机械工程都提出了一系列复杂流动问题,其中包括高速流、低速流、管道流、燃烧流、冲击流、振荡流、涡流、湍流、旋转流、多相流等等Aseriesofcomplicatedflowproblemshavebeenposedinmodernfluidmechanics,aerodynamics,thermodynamics,andaeronauticalandaerospaceengineering,waterconservancyandhydropowerengineering,heatenergyengineering,fluidmachineryengineering,andsoon,andtheycoverhigh-speedflow,low-speedflow,eddyflow,turbulentflow,burningflow,impactflow,oscillatingflow,backflow,andtwo-phaseflow,etc.Inthethermalengineering,thestudiedobjectsnormallyareisolatedfromoneanotherandthenwetrytoanalysisthechangeandinteraction,thestudiedobjectsisolatedisnamedthermodynamicsystem.在热力工程中，通常将研究对象分离出来再分析其变化及（与外界）的相互作用，该对象即热力系统。Conductionisaprocessthattheheattransfersfromthepartsofhightemperatureoftheobjecttotheloworfromawarmerobjecttothecoolercontactingwithit.2导热即热量从物体的高温部向低温部或从热物体向与之接触的冷物体传递的过程。Thermalconvectionmayoccurfromonelocationtoanotherbymeansofcurrentsetupinafluidmedium.4对流是借助于流体介质形成的介质流来实现热量传递任务的。Forradiantheattransfer,thereisachangeinenergyform;frominternalenergyatthesourcetoelectromagneticenergyfortransmission,thenbacktointernalenergyatthereceiver.6而热辐射（过程的实现）有一能量形式的转换过程，即热源内能（先）转化为电磁能进行传递，再于接受处转化为内能形式。Radiationistheonlytypeofheattransferthatcantravelthroughavacuum,suchasspace,becauseradiationisnotdependentofmatterasamediumofheattransfer.Thisisimpossiblewithconvectionandconductionbecausetheyrequiresomeformofmatter,likeairorwater,tobethetransmittingmedium.热辐射是唯一能够穿透真空（如宇宙空间）的热传递形式，因为热辐射不依赖于介质。这对于热对流和热传导是不可能的,因为它们需要空气和水等热传递介质。BoilerAboilerisaclosedvesselinwhichwater(orotherfluid)isheatedunderpressureandgeneratesteam,thefluidisthencirculatedoutoftheboilerforuseinvariousprocessesorheatingapplications,suchasformotivepowerortoprovideheatinginahouse.1锅炉是一种闭口容器，水（或其他流体）被加热产生压力蒸汽，然后循环于锅炉外各种过程或加热应用，如提供动力和为房间供热。Electricboilersuseresistanceorimmersiontypeheatingelements.Nuclearfissionisalsousedasaheatsourceforgeneratingsteam.Heatrecoverysteamgenerators(HRSGs)usetheheatrejectedfromotherprocessessuchasgasturbines.电锅炉使用电阻或浸入式加热元件。原子核裂变也用于产生蒸汽的热源。回热式蒸汽发生器（简称HRSGs）是利用其它过程中排放的热量来工作的，如燃气轮机中燃气的余热。Thewater-tubeconstructionfacilitatesobtaininggreaterboilercapacity,andtheuseofhigherpressure.Inaddition,thewater-tubeboileroffersgreaterversatilityinarrangementanditpermitsthemostefficientuseofthefurnace,super-heater,re-heaterandotherheatrecoverycomponents.Water-tubeboilersmaybeclassifiedasstraight-tubeandbent-tube.水管结构有利于取得更好的锅炉容量，更高的压力。此外，水管锅炉为锅炉布置提供了更大的灵活性，它允许炉最有效地利用炉，过热器，再热器及其他热回收组件。Itisnecessarytokeepthetubemetaltemperaturesinallthecircuitsofasteamgeneratingunitunderthecritical.2保持蒸汽发电机所有回路的金属管温度在临界值之下很必要。text4Thefluidofasteamturbineissteam.Someoftheheatandpressureenergyofitarechangedintomechanicalenergybyimpartingrotarymotiontoturbinebladewheels.2Inturbinestherotarymotionisobtainedbydirectactionofthesteamonthebladewheelsorrotors.Thespeedofafluidflow,whichinwaterturbinesisproducedbyafallinlevel,insteamturbinesisproducedbyafallinpressureofthesteamfromtheboiler.汽轮机所用的流体是水蒸汽。其中部分热能和压力能由于驱动涡轮机叶轮旋转变为机械能。在汽轮机中旋转运动是由水蒸汽对叶片轮或转子直接作用所获得的。对于流体流动的速度，在水汽轮机中是由高度差产生，在蒸汽轮机中由来自锅炉的压力差产生。becausetheturbinegeneratesrotarymotion,ratherthanrequiringalinkagemechanismtoconvertreciprocatingtorotarymotion,itisparticularlysuitedforusedrivinganelectricalgenerator—about86%ofall.electricgenerationintheworldisbyuseofsteamturbines.因为涡轮产生旋转运动，而不需要联动机制转换往复运动，特别适合用于驱动发电机（世界上约86%的发电装置采用汽轮机）。Thechiefadvantagesoftheturbinearefreedomfromvibrationandnoise,smoothanduniformrotaryforce,andabilitytohandlelargequantitiesoffluid-inthiscasesteam,涡轮机主要优点是无振动、低噪音、运转平稳和适应大流量Unit3Text7Refrigerationistheprocessofremovingheatfrommatterwhichmaybeasolid,aliquid,oragas.1Refrigerationmaintainsthetemperatureoftheheatsourcebelowthatofitssurroundingswhiletransferringtheextractedheat,andanyrequiredenergyinput,toatmosphericair,orwater.制冷是移除固体、液体或气体物质中的热量的过程。制冷在保持热源温度低于其环境温度条件下，传递从热源吸收的热量，以及任何需要的能源投入，大气，或水。由于利用天然冷源受地区、温度、运输条件的限制,很难达制取0℃以下的温度。Asthecoldsourcebytheuseofnaturalareas,temperature,transportconditions,isdifficulttogetthesystemuptoatemperaturebelow0℃In1834,AnAmericanlivinginGreatBritain,JacobPerkinsobtainedthefirstpatentforavapor-compressionrefrigerationsystem.In1859,aFrenchengineer,FerdinandP.EdniondCarreinventedanammoniaabsorptionapparatus.Steadytechnicalprogressinthefieldofrefrigerationmarkedtheyearsafter1890.DomesticmechanicalrefrigeratorsbecameavailableintheUnitedStatesaround1911.Todaytherefrigerationindustryisessentialpartofoursociety，withyearlysalesofrefrigerantplantamountingtobillionsofdollarsinchina.41834年，一个在英国生活的美国人，Ja