unit 1 cutural relics (grammar)

Non-restrictiveattributiveclauses非限制性定语从句定语从句•什么是定语从句？–用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）。定语从句一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。相当于名词和形容词的作用。关系词关系代词whichthatwhowhomwhose分为两类关系副词whenwherewhy定语从句包含(1)限制性定语从句(2)非限制定语从句(1)限制性定语从句：a.形式：与先行词之间不用逗号隔开。b.功能：与先行词关系紧密，若去掉该从句，剩余部分句子意思不完整，甚至失去意义。c.先行词：先行词为单个的名词或代词。d.引导词：关系代词,关系副词或介词+which/whom，作宾语时可省略(2)非限制性定语从句：a.形式：与先行词之间用逗号隔开。b.功能：与先行词关系不紧密，若去掉该从句，剩余部分句子意思仍然完整。c.先行词：先行词为单个的名词或代词，也可为整个句子或句子的一部分。d.引导词：that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句，并且引导词一律不能省略。当定语从句与被修饰词关系密切时，则用限制性定语从句。1.引导定语从句的关系代词1)who指人，作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略who。Thisistheprofessorwhoteachesuschemistry.Theboyswhoareplayingfootballontheplaygroundaremyclassmates.2)whom指人，只作从句的宾语，可省略whom。Theman(whom)youmetinthestreetyesterdayisourEnglishteacher.Thisisthegirl(whom)youhavebeenlookingfor.3)whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。Thegirlwhosefatherisourhistoryteacherisagoodsinger.Thehousewhosewindowsfacesouthisverybeautiful.4)which指物，作从句的主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略which。Thisisthedictionary(which)Iboughtyesterday.5)that指人或物，作从句的主语或宾语，相当于which或who，whom,作宾语时可以省略that。Themanthat/whoistalkingtoherisafriendofhers.Idon’tliketheplay(that/which)wewatchedonTVlastnight.2.引导定语从句的关系副词1）when作从句的时间状语。DoyouremembertheweekwhenwewereinShanghai?Iwon’tforgetthedaywhenIjoinedtheLeague.•where作从句的地点状语。Thisisthefactorywhereweworked3yearsago.ThisistheplacewhereMarxwasborn.•why作从句的原因状语。Thisisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)shedecidedtogobacktoChina.1.Themanlivesnextdoorisawriter.2.ThewomanIvisitedlastweekisafamouswriter.3.Beijingisthecityhasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames.4.Adictionaryisabookyoucanusetolearnmorewords.5.Thelittleboyeyesareblueisholdingadog.6.Heissuchamannevertellsalie.7.Heisthemodelworkerweshouldlearnfrom.8.Adictionaryisabookoftenhelpsustoknowthemeaningsofthewords.9.ThisisthefilmIlikebest.10.Theboyfatherisaprofessorisoneofmybestfriends.11.Thehouseroofwasblownawaybythestormwillberebuiltsoon.who/thatwho/whom/that/省略which/thatwhich/that/省略whosewho/thatwhom/who/省略which/thatwhich/that/省略whosewhose非限制性定语从句和主句的关系并不什么密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。和主句关系不密切，主句语从句常用逗号隔开。（一）、非限制性定语从句引导词的选择：注意：(1).非限制性定语中，无论先行词指人或者指物,在句中作主语或者作宾语，从句的引导词都不能用that。(2).非限制性定语从句中，关系词一律不可省略。Hismother,loveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他的妈妈很爱惜他,对他也很严格。Hiswife,youmetatmyhome,wasateacher.他的妻子，就是你在我家遇见的那个，是一位老师。1.先行词指人,在从句中作主语，引导词用who:who2.先行词指人,在句中作宾语whom:whom（一）、非限制性定语从句引导词的选择：Herhouse,________wasbuiltahundredyearsago,stoodstillintheearthquake.那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。3.先行词指物,在句中作主语或宾语which:which练习：Thehouse,_______weboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。Thisisthehouse________________weboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。whichwhich/that/省略Thegirl,nameisKate,isthetopofthestudentsinourschool.那个女孩是我们学校最优秀的学生，她的名字叫Kate。Thebook,coverisred,ismine.封面是红色的那本书是我的。whosewhose4.先行词在句中作定语，无论指人或者指物,引导词都用whose:Thesportsmeetingwillbeputofftillnextmonth，wewillhavemadeallthepreparations.运动会将被推迟到下个月，那时我们做好一切准备。ThenextdaywearrivedinNewYork,wewereinterviewedontheradio.第二天我们到达纽约，在那里我们接受了电台的采访。when5.先行词在句中作时间状语用when：6.先行词在句中作地点状语用where：where7.如果先行词作介词的宾语先行词指人，介词提前的结构是：介词＋whom先行词指物，介词提前的结构是：介词＋whichThegirl,heturnedforhelp,isafootballplayer.Thecomputer,heisfamiliar,isbroken.towhomwithwhichbefamiliarwithsth对(某物)......熟悉/通晓befamiliartosb对(某人)......来说是熟悉的/常见到的1.Hehastoldusmanystories,allofareaboutthefamousLongMatch.2.ThestudentsofClass1,someofcamefromJapan,wentcampingyesterday.whichwhom1.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。ThisisthegirlImetinthestreet.(引导词省略)Ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,hewantedtoimpress.(引导词省略)可以不可以whomwhom/who/that注意事项:2.当关系代词指整个主句内容时，将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,用非限制性定语从句。这时引导词用which,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。Afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,surprisesallthepeoplepresent.析：从语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导非限制性定语从句。which一个五岁的男孩会讲两门外语，令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。exercisesas与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别asa.指代：as引导的从句指代整个主句的内容。b.位置：as可以位于主句之前，之中或之后。c.意思：as译为“正如，正像”。whicha.指代：which引导的从句指代主句中单个的名词或代词，也指整个主句的内容。b.位置：which从句只能位于主句之后。c.意思：as译为“这，那”。2.引导非限制性定语从句1.as做主语Asisknowntoall，Chinaisadevelopingcountry,代替整个句子，在定语从句中做主语和宾语，意思为，“正如...一样”。它引导的句子可在主句首、句中，句尾。2.as做宾语Wewonthegame，asweexpected.exercisesas引导的定语从句1.引导限制性定语从句，用在“such…as”,“thesame…as结构中，常译作“像……一样的人或物”。HewishedtobesuchamanasLeiFengwas.1.Someoftheroadswereflooded,madeourjourneymoredifficult.2.Hehassmoothlyenteredakeymiddleschool,makeshisparentsveryhappy.3.MrKing,legswerebadlyhurt,wasquicklytakentohospital.4.Hesaidhehadnobike,wasnottrue.5.WeshallmakeadecisionaboutMsKing,storyIhavejusttoldyou.6.Hemadethesamemistakesagain,_____madehisparentsveryangry.7.YesterdayIboughtadictionary,_______costmemorethan100yuan.8.MrSmith,_______gaveatalkseveralmonthsago,willcomeagain.9.Myunclehascomebackfromabroad,________Ihaven’tmetforalongtime.whichwhichwhosewhichwhosewhichwhichwhowhom1.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,______wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it2.Johnistheboyto______Igavethemoney.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.which3.HisEnglish,_______usedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.what4.I’llcomeatten,_______I’llbefree.A.whichB.thatC.whenD.what5.Shehastwobrothers,________are