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从句类型-状语从句•Ⅰ.时间状语从句•Ⅱ.原因状语从句•Ⅲ.条件状语从句•Ⅳ.让步状语从句•Ⅴ.方式状语从句•Ⅵ.目的状语从句与结果状语从句•在句子中作状语成分的从句叫状语从句。依据其含义,可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等状语从句,下面就各种状语从句的疑难问题展开。•Ⅰ.时间状语从句•时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导:after,before,since,as,when,whenever,while,till,until,once,assoonas,scarcely(hardly)…when(before),nosoonerthan,immediately(that),directly(that),themoment,theinstant(that)等。•1.as,when和while都可以表示主句中动作发生的背景,也可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生。因此,在很多情况下这三个连词可以互换使用。例:•example:•as/when/whileIwasreadingabook,hecameintomyroom.•虽然很多情况下可以互换,但while一词用作时间状语从句的连词时,一般不能与短暂性动词一起使用,因为while在时间概念上表示一段时间,不能表示非持续性动作。因此下列句子中的while应该改为when或as.•Example:•Themotherwasoverjoyedwhileshefoundthelostchild.•连词when的位置很灵活,下面两句话的意思非常相近,只是英译汉时稍有不同。•Example:•Weweredrivingswiftlyontheroadwhenthecarbrokedown.•Whenweweredrivingswiftlyontheroad,thecarbrokedown.•2.since用在时间状语从句中常见模式是:主句为完成时,而从句为一般过去时。其实这并不是唯一的选择。下面这些时态搭配都是可以的。•Example:•Sinceherparentsdied,shehaslivedapoorlife.•Ihaven’tbeentotheGreatWallsinceIhavebeeninBeijing.•Twoyearshadpassedsincemydaughterhadmarriedhim.•Itseemsagessincewesawhimlast.•IthasbeenagessinceIfelthappy.•3.once,directly,immediately原是修饰连词that与when的副词。现在这三词已单独地引导状语从句,意义相当于assoonas,同时名词词组themoment,theinstant,theminute也可充当引导状语从句的连词。例:•example:•themomentthemeetingisover,IwillflytoNewYork.•Sheweptaloudimmediatelysheheardthenews.•IfeltbackhometheinstantIsteppedonmyhomeland.•4.引导词nosooner…than/hardly…when/scarcely…when可以分别用来强调两个非持续性动作的同时发生。例如:•Example:•Ihadnosoonergotbacktothekitchenthanthedoorbellrangloudenoughtowakethedead.•5.时间状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,或时间状语从句的主语是不定代词it时,这时状语从句的主语连词同动词be一起都可以省略。例:•When(youare)introuble,telephonetome.•Ⅱ.原因状语从句•1.原因状语从句通常由because,since,as,nowthat,seeing(that),considering(that)引导。•because,since,as都是引导原因状语从句的连词,其区别如下,because引导的状语从句既可放在主句之前,也可置于主句之后,但置于主句之后情况居多。它所引导的原因状语从句更强调原因。而由since与as引导的从句则更强调结果,且它们多数情况下放在主句之前。•Example:•Hewasfinedbecausehehaddisregardedtrafficrules.•AsIhaveseenhimonlytwice,IamafraidImaynotbeabletorecognizehiminthecrowd.•2.以as引导的原因状语从句中的表语形容或名词可以移到从句之前。在正式文体中,that可以代替连词as。例:•Childas/thathewas,hecouldn’tresistlong.=sincehewasunarmed,hecouldn’tresistlong.•3.由because引导的从句是状语从句,它在句中应充当状语,因此不能把它当作名词从句而在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语等。•Example:•Becauseanotherpersonliesisnotthereasonwhyyoushould.•Thereasonheisabsentfromdutyisbecauseheisill.•Ⅲ.条件状语从句•引导条件状语从句的连词有:if,unless,as/solongas,provided(that),providing(that),oncondition(that),suppose(that),supposing(that),when,incase等。•最常见的条件句,其条件分句动词用一般现在时形式,主句动词用will/shall+不定式。•例如:ifhedoesn’tcome,I’llgoalone.•这种条件句中的条件可能实现,也可能不实现。它还可以有下列这种句式:•Ifyouwakeupbeforelunch,givemeacall.•1.但是条件句并非只有这一种时态搭配。根据句意的需要,从句和主句的谓语动词可以是多种时态形式。因此下面这些句子都是正确的。•A:ifImakeapromise,Ikeepit.=wheneverImakeapromise,Ikeepit.•B:Ifyouheatice,itmelts.=wheneveryouheatice,itmelts.•B:这种时态搭配的条件句用于陈述普遍真理和一般常识,或解释科学技术现象,也可以是习惯动作。此时句中的if意为whenever.有时也可以用过去时,表示过去的习惯动作。•2.A:ifyouwillreserveseats,weshallbesureofacomfortablejourney.=ifyouarewillingtoreserveseats,…•B:I’llcookthemealifyou’lldothewashingup.=I’llcookthemealifyouarewillingtodothewashingup.•A,B这种时态搭配的条件句中的will不是助动词,而是情态动词,意为“bewillingto,agreetodowhatissuggested”.•3.A:ifweshouldmissthe10’clocktrain,weshan’tgettheretillafterlunch.=ifbyanychancewemissthetrain,…•B:Ifyoushoulddiebeforeretiringage,youwidowwillreceiveyourpensionforaperiodof7yearsafteryourdeath.=ifbyanychanceyoudie,…•A,B句中的条件句表示一种不太可能实现的条件。•4.A:Ifwecaughtthetrain,wewould(could,might,etc.)gettherebylunchtime.•B:ifIcameintoafortune,Iwouldgiveupworking.•A,B句中的条件句也表示很不能实现的条件。•Excises:•用上述句型完成下列句子。•1.we’lljustmanagetocatchthetrainif_________.(我们快点)•2.ifIseehimagain,I______.(我会直接与他说)•3.ifmymanagerwilllendmemoney,I_______.(给自己买一栋房子)•4.Ifthereisapowerfailure,allelectricalappliances_____.(停止工作)•5.ifyoushouldsaysuchtome,I________.(很生气)•6.ifImadealotofmoney,I_____.(去西方各国旅游)•7.ifwegotthereontime,they______.(会很高兴)•8.perhapshe______ifyouspoketohimyourself.(同意)•9.ifflowersdon’tgetanywater,they_______.(马上死去)•10.ifyouoffendedadog,it______.(咬伤你)•条件句有时不一定有一个引导条件句的连词,有几种特殊的句型本身就是一种隐含的条件句。其中有:祈使句+and(or)+陈述句•Example:•Setyouralarmclock,or(else)you’lloversleep.•Abitmoresweetfood,andyou’llbecomefat.•Ⅳ.让步状语从句•引导让步状语从句的连词有:although,though,evenif,eventhough,if,grantedthat,grantingthat,when,while,whether…or,whatever,whoever,etc.,nomatterwhat,nomatterwho,etc,.as,that等。•1.在正式文体中,though除了可以放在句首外,也可引导这样的让步状语从句,即把主语补语或状语等放在从句之首,从句通常位于主句之前。能像though一样引导这样的让步状语从句还有as和that。在这种让步状语从句中,位于句首的可以是名词、形容词、副词、动词或“动词+宾语”。•Examples:•Richas/thatheis,heisthrifty.•Changedyourmindasyoumay,Iamdeterminedtocarryitthroughtotheend.•Hardthoughtheyworked,theycouldscarcelyearnenoughtomakebothendsmeet.•2.词尾为-ever的wh-词(如whatever,whenever)可以与“nomatter+wh-词”换用,引导让步状语从句。”nomatter+wh-词”比较常用于口语中。•Example:•Whicheveralternativeyouchoose,therewon’tbeanyrealsolutiontothequestion.•3.whether…or引导让步状语从句时作“不论…是否”或“不论…还是”解释,谓语动词有时可用虚拟语气•examples:•Iwilldoitwhetheryoulikeitornot.•whetherberichorpoor,menshouldbeequalbeforethelaw.•4.while引导的从句置于主句首,有时也可看作是一个让步状语从句。•Examples:•WhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idon’tagreethattheycannotbesolved.•5.某些含有what或as的固定结构也可引导让步状语从句,其意义相同于词尾为-ever的wh-词。•Examples:•Comewhatmay,w
本文标题:从句类型-状语从句
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