自动化英文文献翻译

附录ProgrammablelogiccontrollerFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaJumpto:navigation,searchPLC&input/outputarrangementsAprogrammablelogiccontroller(PLC)orprogrammablecontrollerisadigitalcomputerusedforautomationofelectromechanicalprocesses,suchascontrolofmachineryonfactoryassemblylines,controlofamusementrides,orcontroloflightingfixtures.PLCsareusedinmanydifferentindustriesandmachinessuchaspackagingandsemiconductormachines.Unlikegeneral-purposecomputers,thePLCisdesignedformultipleinputsandoutputarrangements,extendedtemperatureranges,immunitytoelectricalnoise,andresistancetovibrationandimpact.Programstocontrolmachineoperationaretypicallystoredinbattery-backedornon-volatilememory.APLCisanexampleofarealtimesystemsinceoutputresultsmustbeproducedinresponsetoinputconditionswithinaboundedtime,otherwiseunintendedoperationwillresult.FeaturesControlpanelwithPLC(greyelementsinthecenter).Theunitconsistsofseparateelements,fromlefttoright;powersupply,controller,relayunitsforin-andoutputThemaindifferencefromothercomputersisthatPLCsarearmoredforsevereconditions(dust,moisture,heat,cold,etc)andhavethefacilityforextensiveinput/output(I/O)arrangements.TheseconnectthePLCtosensorsandactuators.PLCsreadlimitswitches,analogprocessvariables(suchastemperatureandpressure),andthepositionsofcomplexpositioningsystems.Someevenusemachinevision.Ontheactuatorside,PLCsoperateelectricmotors,pneumaticorhydrauliccylinders,magneticrelaysorsolenoids,oranalogoutputs.Theinput/outputarrangementsmaybebuiltintoasimplePLC,orthePLCmayhaveexternalI/OmodulesattachedtoacomputernetworkthatplugsintothePLC.SystemscaleAsmallPLCwillhaveafixednumberofconnectionsbuiltinforinputsandoutputs.Typically,expansionsareavailableifthebasemodeldoesnothaveenoughI/O.ModularPLCshaveachassis(alsocalledarack)intowhichareplacedmoduleswithdifferentfunctions.TheprocessorandselectionofI/Omodulesiscustomisedfortheparticularapplication.Severalrackscanbeadministeredbyasingleprocessor,andmayhavethousandsofinputsandoutputs.AspecialhighspeedserialI/Olinkisusedsothatrackscanbedistributedawayfromtheprocessor,reducingthewiringcostsforlargeplants.UserinterfaceSeealso:Listofhuman-computerinteractiontopicsPLCsmayneedtointeractwithpeopleforthepurposeofconfiguration,alarmreportingoreverydaycontrol.AHuman-MachineInterface(HMI)isemployedforthispurpose.HMIsarealsoreferredtoasMMIs(ManMachineInterface)andGUI(GraphicalUserInterface).Asimplesystemmayusebuttonsandlightstointeractwiththeuser.Textdisplaysareavailableaswellasgraphicaltouchscreens.Morecomplexsystemsuseaprogrammingandmonitoringsoftwareinstalledonacomputer,withthePLCconnectedviaacommunicationinterface.CommunicationsPLCshavebuiltincommunicationsportsusually9-PinRS232,andoptionallyforRS485andEthernet.ModbusorDF1isusuallyincludedasoneofthecommunicationsprotocols.Others'optionsincludevariousfieldbusessuchasDeviceNetorProfibus.OthercommunicationsprotocolsthatmaybeusedarelistedintheListofautomationprotocols.MostmodernPLCscancommunicateoveranetworktosomeothersystem,suchasacomputerrunningaSCADA(SupervisoryControlAndDataAcquisition)systemorwebbrowser.PLCsusedinlargerI/Osystemsmayhavepeer-to-peer(P2P)communicationbetweenprocessors.Thisallowsseparatepartsofacomplexprocesstohaveindividualcontrolwhileallowingthesubsystemstoco-ordinateoverthecommunicationlink.ThesecommunicationlinksarealsooftenusedforHMI(Human-MachineInterface)devicessuchaskeypadsorPC-typeworkstations.Someoftoday'sPLCscancommunicateoverawiderangeofmediaincludingRS-485,Coaxial,andevenEthernetforI/Ocontrolatnetworkspeedsupto100Mbit/s.PLCcomparedwithothercontrolsystemsPLCsarewell-adaptedtoarangeofautomationtasks.Thesearetypicallyindustrialprocessesinmanufacturingwherethecostofdevelopingandmaintainingtheautomationsystemishighrelativetothetotalcostoftheautomation,andwherechangestothesystemwouldbeexpectedduringitsoperationallife.PLCscontaininputandoutputdevicescompatiblewithindustrialpilotdevicesandcontrols;littleelectricaldesignisrequired,andthedesignproblemcentersonexpressingthedesiredsequenceofoperationsinladderlogic(orfunctionchart)notation.PLCapplicationsaretypicallyhighlycustomizedsystemssothecostofapackagedPLCislowcomparedtothecostofaspecificcustom-builtcontrollerdesign.Ontheotherhand,inthecaseofmass-producedgoods,customizedcontrolsystemsareeconomicduetothelowercostofthecomponents,whichcanbeoptimallychoseninsteadofagenericsolution,andwherethenon-recurringengineeringchargesarespreadoverthousandsormillionsofunits.Forhighvolumeorverysimplefixedautomationtasks,differenttechniquesareused.Forexample,aconsumerdishwasherwouldbecontrolledbyanelectromechanicalcamtimercostingonlyafewdollarsinproductionquantities.Amicrocontroller-baseddesignwouldbeappropriatewherehundredsorthousandsofunitswillbeproducedandsothedevelopmentcost(designofpowersuppliesandinput/outputhardware)canbespreadovermanysales,andwheretheend-userwouldnotneedtoalterthecontrol.Automotiveapplicationsareanexample;millionsofunitsarebuilteachyear,andveryfewend-usersaltertheprogrammingofthesecontrollers.However,somespecialtyvehiclessuchastransitb