地质词汇表

◆地质(Geology)地质年代（GeochronologyofGeologicAges）Archaeozoicera(erathem)太古代（界）Proterozoicera(erathem)元古代（界）Palaeozoicera(erathem)古生代（界）Mesozoicera(erathem)中生代（界）Cenozoicera(erathem)新生代（界）Sinianperiod(system)震旦纪（系）Cambrianperiod(system)寒武纪（系）Ordovicianperiod(system)奥陶纪（系）Silurianperiod(system)志留纪（系）Devonianperiod(system)泥盘纪（系）Carboniferousperiod(system)石碳纪（系）Permianperiod(system)二叠纪（系）Triassicperiod(system)三叠纪（系）Jurassicperiod(system)侏罗纪（系）Cretaceousperiod(system)白垩纪（系）Tertiaryperiod(system)第三纪（系）Quaternaryperiod(system)第四纪（系）地质构造（GeologicStructural）fault断层normalfault正断层reversedfault逆断层parallelfault平移断层joint节理unloadingjoint卸荷节理schistosity片理bedding层理foliation板理（叶理）orientationofbedrock岩层产状strike走向dip倾向angleofdip(dipangle)倾角fold褶皱anticline背斜syncline向斜Monocline(homocline)单斜dome穹隆softstratum软弱岩层zoneoffracture(brokenzone)破碎带affectedzone影响带platystructure板状构造fracture(rupture)断裂fissure(crack/fracture)裂隙岩石类型（Rocktype）petrology岩石学igneousrock火成岩magmaticrock岩浆岩lava(vocanicrock)火山岩intrusive(invade)rock侵入岩effusiverock深成岩pypabussalrock浅成岩acidrock酸性岩inter-mediaterock中性岩basicrock基性岩ultrabasicrock超基性岩granite花岗岩porphyry斑岩rhyolite玢岩syenite流纹岩trachyte粗面岩diorite闪长岩andesite安山岩gabbro辉长岩basalt玄武岩aplite细晶岩pegmatite伟晶岩lamprophyre煌斑岩diabase辉绿岩dunite橄榄岩pumice浮岩sedimentaryrock沉积岩clasticrock碎屑岩clayrock黏土岩chemicalrock化学岩biolith生物岩conglomerate砾岩sandston砂岩siltstone粉砂岩mudstone泥岩Shale(marly)页岩（泥灰质）salinerock盐岩limestone石灰岩dolomite白云岩marl泥灰岩volcanicbreccia火山角砾岩volcanicagglomerate火山块集岩tuff凝灰岩metamorphicrock变质岩slate板岩phyllite千枚岩schist片岩gneiss片麻岩quartzite石英岩marble大理岩mylonite糜棱岩migmatite混合岩cataclasite碎裂岩sediment(deposit)沉积物（层）boulder漂石、顽石cobble卵石gravel砾石sand砂siltstone粉土clay黏土sandyclay砂质黏土clayeysand粘质砂土sandyloam壤土、亚黏土regolith(topsoil)浮土、表土loess黄土laterite红土peat泥炭ooze软泥、海泥Swellingclay膨胀土造岩矿物（Rock-formingMinerals）talc滑石gypsum石膏graphitic石墨mica云母calcite方解石fluorite萤石apatite磷灰石feldspar长石quartz石英topaz黄玉corundum刚玉diamand金刚石orthoclase正长石plagloclase斜长石biotite黑云母muscovite白云母amphibole角闪石phroxene辉石olivine橄榄石dolomite白云石kaolinite高岭石montmorillonite蒙脱石bentonite斑脱石、膨润土illite伊力石garnet石榴子石chlorite绿泥石serpentine蛇纹石pyrite黄铁矿hematite赤铁矿magnetite磁铁矿limonite褐铁矿工程地质（EngineeringGeology）Geotechnics(geotechnique)土工学（土工技术、岩石工程）rockmechanics岩石力学soilmechanics土力学geomechanics地质力学/岩石力学geologicalconditons地质条件engineeringgeologicalproblem工程地质问题rockmassstructure岩体结构geographicandgeomorphic地形地貌geophysicalphenomenon物理地质现象hydrogeologicalconditions水文地质条件naturalmaterials天然材料reservoir水库settlement沉降displacement位移deformation变形tectonicstress构造应力residualstress残余应力angleofinternalfriction内摩擦角cohesion内聚力（粘聚力、凝聚力）pressuretunnel压力隧洞undergroundcavern/cavity地下洞室overburden覆盖物（层）diposit堆积物（层）bedrock(baserock/foundationrock)基岩firm/soundrock坚硬岩石weak/softrock软弱岩石interbed夹层zoneoffracture(brokenzones)破碎带homogeneity均质性nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity非均质性isotropy各向同性anisotropy各向异性Rockburst岩爆squeez挤压矿物质的物理性质(PhysicalCharacterofMinerals)hardness硬度cleavage解理luster光泽color颜色transparencey/pellucidity透明度streak条痕rent/fracture断口crystalform晶形岩石学(Petrology)classification分类structure构造应力texture结构mineralcomposition矿物组成crystalline结晶质amorphoussubstance非晶质fossil化石degreeofrounding磨圆度degreeofgrains粒度地层地貌(StratumandPhysiognomy)basin盆地rivervalley河谷riverbed河床topography地形terrain地势attitude产状rockbase(batholite)岩基rockstock岩株rockflow岩流rockloccolith岩盖rocklopolith岩盆rockdike岩墙rocksill岩床veindyke岩脉sediment(deposit)沉积物（层）alluvium冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium)洪积物（层）deluvium坡积物（层）eluvium残积物（层）eoliandeposit风积物（层）lakedeposit湖积物（层）marinedeposit海积物（层）glacial(drift)deposit冰川沉积物（层）colluvialdeposit(colluvium)崩积物（层）cross-bedding交错层geologicstructure地质构造geotectonics大地构造学graben地堑horst地垒cordance(conformity)整合discordance(unconformity)非整合deceptivecordance/conformity假整合地质作用(PhysicalGeologyAction)weathering风化erosion侵蚀transportation搬运deposition/sediment沉积denudation剥蚀corrasion侵蚀、腐蚀dissolution溶蚀landslide滑坡collapse(rockfall)崩塌mudflow泥石流earthquake地震intensity烈度magnitude震级土（Soil）angleoffriction摩擦角watercontentaslimit界限含水量coarse-grainedsoil粗粒土coefficientofcompressibility压缩系数compressionmodulus压缩模数consolidated-undrained(quick)sheartest固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验consolidated-drained(show)sheartest固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验consolidationcoefficient固结系数Darcy'slaw达西定律degreeofconsolidation固结度directsheartest直接剪切试验distributioncurve分布曲线driftsoil(shiftingsoil/massflow)流土effectiveangleofinnerfriction有效内摩擦角expansionration(specific)膨胀率filteringflow(seepageflow)渗流Preventseepage/leakage防渗fine-grainedsoil细粒土hydraulicslope水力坡降hydrostaticheadmethod常水头法limitequilibriumstate极限平衡状态liquefaction液化liquidlimit液限liquidityindex液化指标loose松散的maximumdrydensity最大干密度methodofsieving筛分法normalstress法向应力（正应力）optimummoisturecontent最优含水量piping管涌plasticlimit塑限plasticityindex塑性指标porewaterpressure空隙水压力porosity空隙率principalstress主应力Proctorcompactiontest普氏击实试验relativedensity相对密度saturability(saturationdegree/percentsaturation)饱和度saturatedunitweight饱和容重seepagedeformation渗透变形seepageforce(seepagepressure)渗透力shearstress切向应力（剪应力）specificgravityofsoilparticle土粒比重triaxialcompressiontest三轴压缩试验unconfinedcompressionstrength无侧限抗压强度unconsolidatedundrainedtest不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验var