欧洲文化课ppt：介绍弗朗西斯·培根

Knowledgeispower,Franceis……bacon?FrancisBacon,1stViscountStAlban,(22January1561–9April1626)wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,jurist,orator,andauthor.弗朗西斯·培根（1561一1626年），第一代圣阿尔本子爵，英国著名哲学家、政治家、科学家、法理学家、演说家和作家。Baconhasbeencalledthefatherofempiricism.Hisworksarguedforthepossibilityofscientificknowledgebasedonlyuponinductiveandcarefulobservationofeventsinnature.Mostimportantly,hearguedthiscouldbeachievedbyuseofaskepticalandmethodicalapproachwherebyscientistsaimtoavoidmisleadingthemselves.Whilehisownpracticalideasaboutsuchamethod,theBaconianmethod,didnothavealonglastinginfluence,thegeneralideaoftheimportanceandpossibilityofaskepticalmethodologymakesBaconthefatherofscientificmethod.Thepracticaldetailsofwhicharestillcentralindebatesaboutscienceandmethodologytoday.培根被称作实验哲学之父。他提出科学研究应该应该基于对自然现象的仔细观察和归纳。最重要的是，他认为科学家应该通过不断质疑和有条理的方法来得出正确结论。虽然他自己总结的实践方法“培根法”并没有产生深远影响，但是他认定通过质疑来获得真理的想法，使他成为了实验方法之父。他的科学实践理论仍然现今是科学方法的核心。TheLifeOfBaconFrancisBaconwasbornon22January1561atYorkHouseneartheStrandinLondon,thesonofSirNicholasBacon.弗朗西斯·培根于1561年出生于伦敦，是伊丽莎白一世手下一位高级政府官员的儿子。Baconwaseducatedathomeinhisearlyyearsowingtopoorhealth,whichwouldplaguehimthroughouthislife.培根天生体弱多病，所以自幼在家习书。他的体弱也使得他一生病疾不断。HeenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge,on5April1573attheageof12,livingforthreeyearsthere.他十二岁进入剑桥大学三一学院，但是三年后中途辍学，未获得学位。MemorialtoFrancisBacon,inthechapelofTrinityCollege,CambridgeIn1576,FranciswentabroadwithSirAmiasPauletwhoistheEnglishambassadoratParis.ForthenextthreeyearshevisitedBlois[blwɑ:],Poitiers,Tours,Italy,andSpain.他从十六岁开始给英国驻巴黎大使SirAmiasPaulet当了一个时期的官员。其后三年他游历了布洛瓦、普瓦捷、图尔、意大利和西班牙。ThesuddendeathofhisfatherinFebruary1579promptedBacontoreturntoEngland.SirNicholashadlaidupaconsiderablesumofmoneytopurchaseanestateforhisyoungestson,buthediedbeforedoingso,andFranciswasleftwithonlyafifthofthatmoney.但是当培根十八岁时，他的父亲猝死，且未能给他留下什么钱财。The18-year-oldFrancisBacon.FortwoyearsheworkedquietlyatGray'sInn,untilhewasadmittedasanouterbarristerin1582.为谋生计他开始在格雷法律学院攻读法律，二十一岁时找到了一个律师的职业。FrancisBacon'sstatueatGray'sInn,SouthSquare,LondonHisparliamentarycareerbeganwhenhewaselectedMPforBossiney,Cornwall,inaby-electionin1584.1584年，培根当选为国会议员，从此开始了他的政治生涯。ThesuccessionofJamesIbroughtBaconintogreaterfavour.Hewasknightedin1603.Andhemadegreatsuccessinpoliticsinthenextfewyears.1602年，伊丽莎白去世，詹姆士一世继位。由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并，受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。培根因此平步青云，扶摇直上。ButBacon'spubliccareerendedindisgracein1621whenaparliamentarycommitteeontheadministrationofthelawchargedhimwith23separatecountsofcorruption.Hewassentencedtoafineof£40,000andcommittedtotheTowerofLondonattheking'spleasure;theimprisonmentlastedonlyafewdaysandthefinewasremittedbytheking.1621年，培根被国会指控贪污受贿，被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅，监禁于伦敦塔内，终生逐出宫廷，不得任议员和官职。虽然后来罚金和监禁皆被豁免，但培根却因此而身败名裂。FrancisBaconandthemembersoftheParliamentinthedayofhispoliticalfallSubsequently,thedisgracedviscountdevotedhimselftostudyandwriting.从此培根不理政事，开始专心从事理论著述。On9April1626,BacondiedofpneumoniawhileatArundelmansionatHighgateoutsideLondon.OnedayewasjourneyingtoHighgatethroughthesnowwiththeKing'sphysicianwhenheissuddenlyinspiredbythepossibilityofusingthesnowtopreservemeat.Sotheywentintoapoorwoman'shouseatthebottomofHighgatehill,andboughtafowl,andmadethewomanexenterate[ek'sentəreɪt]it.Afterstuffingthefowlwithsnow,Baconcontractedafatalcaseofpneumonia[nju:ˈməʊniə]andlosthislife.1626年3月底，培根坐车途径伦敦北郊。当时他正在潜心研究冷热理论及其实际应用问题。当路过一片雪地时，他突然想作一次实验，他宰了一只鸡，把雪填进鸡肚，以便观察冷冻在防腐上的作用。但由于他身体孱弱，经受不住风寒的侵袭，支气管炎复发，病情恶化，于1626年4月9日清晨病逝。MonumenttoBaconathisburialplace,StMichael'sChurchinStAlbansthankyou