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LanguageandcultureForeignlanguageandtranslation6Functionsoflanguage3Languageandculture4Cultureandtheuseoflanguage5Importanceoflanguage1ContentsProblemsoftranslationandequivalence7Sapir-WhorfHypotheses21.ImportanceoflanguageEverythingyouknowandfeelisinsideyourbodyandcanonlybesharedbylanguage.Theimportanceoflanguagetothestudyofinterculturalcommunicationisclearlycapturedbythefollowingsentences:Adifferentlanguageisadifferentviewoflife”Languagehascreatedthewordlonelinesstoexpressthepainofbeingaloneandthewordsolitudetoexpressthejoyofbeingalone--------byPaulTillichBywordsthemindwinged------byAthenianpoetAristophanesThoughtistheblossom;languagetheopeningbud;actionthefruitbehindit.---byHenryWardBeecher2.萨皮尔--沃尔夫假说萨皮尔1884年出生于普鲁士犹太教家庭,五岁随家迁居美国。青年时代,他在哥伦比亚大学学习日尔曼语、印欧语,后受到博厄斯影响转向人类学。1909年,25岁的萨皮尔获得人类学博士学位。1910-1925年,萨皮尔在渥太华担任加拿大民族博物馆地质调查部人类学组主任。在那里,他在印地安语研究基础上提出把北美印地安语划分为六个基本支脉的思想(Sapir,1990-1991),同时,他还试图对历史学和民族学理论进行整合Sapir,1916)。1921年,萨皮尔发表其代表作--《语言论》,提出语言是思想的符号表达,同时强调语言对思维有深刻影响,“语言与我们的思维习惯不可分解地交织在一起,换言之,它们是一回事”。1925-1939年,萨皮尔分别执教于芝加哥大学、耶鲁大学,在此期间,他的研究重点由语言学转向心理学。他试图探索博厄斯“文化”概念的心理学维度,使它成为可以进行具体研究的对象。虽然萨皮尔的工作计划最终没有得到实现,但是他经由论文(Sapir,1949)所传达的思想引起很大反响--特别是对于那些参加讲座的学生而言。他被视为文化人格学派的创始人之一。萨皮尔在语言学方面的术业专攻使他发展了许多重要议题:譬如语言与文化的关系。他与学生沃尔夫提出的“萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说”可能是他最著名的理论贡献。这一假说主要认为语言的习惯化形式制约思维模式,所以“真实世界很大程度上是建立在群体的语言习惯之上”(Sapir,1929)。--萨皮尔倡导内部语言研究,这一假说被认为是语言学领域的文化相对论。萨皮尔不仅在人类学领域确立了语言学的专业地位,70年代中期人文人类学的兴起也受到他的重要影响(他强调人们在面对文化和历史压力时候的创造力)。此外,萨皮尔对于艺术特别是诗歌的兴趣激发了之后大批人类学家努力打破人文学科和社会科学边界。总之,作为一名跨学科的天才型学者,萨皮尔的新视角对后世理论影响深远。萨皮尔—沃尔夫假说(Sapir—WhorfHypothesis)的思想源头可追溯到德国哲学家海德(G.Herder,1744-1803)(WilhelmvonHumboldt(1762-1835),再到博厄斯(FranzBoas,1858-1942)。萨皮尔(E.Sapir)是博厄斯的学生,沃尔夫(Whorf)又是萨皮尔的学生。博厄斯学派的文化相对论和历史特殊论成为语言相对论的思想基础方面的影响。ContentofSapir-WhorfHypotheses•Everylanguageisuniqueinitscapacitytoshapeitscultureandtheindividualthought-patternsoftheculture,andthatlanguagehasanevenmorepersuasiveinfluencethancultureproperuponthelanguageusersinvirtuallyeveryaspectincludingthinking-patternsformulatingnotionofspace,categorizingthematerialandspiritualworlds.•Ourlanguagehelpstomouldourwayofthinkingandconsequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeaker’suniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Twomajorcomponents•(1)one’sthinkingiscompletelydeterminedbyhisnativelanguagebecauseonecanonlyperceivetheworldintermsofthecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinthelanguage.Sapirsaidhumanbeingsdonotliveintheobjectiveworldsalone,nordotheylivealoneintheworldofsocialactivityasoriginalunderstanding.instead,theyaregreatlyinfluencedbytheparticularlanguageservingasthemediumofexpressionfortheirsociety.LINGUISTICDETERMINISM•(2)thecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinonelanguagesystemareuniquetothatsystemandincommensurable(不能比较的)withthoseofothers.•Whorfsaidthatthelinguisticsystemispartofthebackgroundknowledgeofmankind.Thebackgroundlinguisticsystemisnotmerelyareproducinginstrumentforvoicingideasbutratherisitselftheshaperoftheidea,theprogramandguidefortheindividual’smentalactivity.•LINGUISTICRELATIVITYTwoversionsincontemporaryage.①thestrongversion:itreferstotheclaimtheoriginalhypothesismakes,emphasizingthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatterns.②theweakversion:itisamodifiedversionoftheoriginaltheory,suggestingthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,butthecross-culturaldifferencesthusproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,ratherthancategorical.Challenges:Sapir-Whorfhypothesisvs.GenerativeGrammar•Chomsky’sGenerativeGrammar•Thegenerativegrammartheoryinsistthatallormostlanguagesaregovernedbysimilarsystems.Whiletheirsurfacestructuremaybevastlydifferentatthelevelbelowthesurface,remarkablesimilaritiesappear.Challenges:Sapir-Whorfhypothesisvs.GenerativeGrammar•Thesapir-Whorfhypothesisstressesthatlanguagepervasivelyshapeseachspecificcultureandtheindividualthought-patternscontainedwithintheculture.soheemphaseslanguedifference.Challengesfromsecondlanguageacquisition:Ifthereexistsdifferentconceptualsystem,peopleofonelanguagecannotlearnanotherlanguagebecauseofthelackofconceptofthetargetlanguage.however,peoplecertainlycanacquireanotherlanguages.Thusappearbilingualormultilingualteachingandlearningpractices.sotherecannotbedifferentconceptualsystemsamonglanguages.第二语言习得:如果不同语言有不同的概念体系,那么说某种语言的人就会因为没有所需要的概念体系而无法学会另一种语言。然而,由于人们可以学会完全不同的语言,因而这些语言不应该有不同的概念体系。3.Functionsoflanguage•Twoimportantculturalfunctions:⑴Itisthemeansofpreservingculture⑵Itisthemediumoftransmittingculturetonewgenerations.Languagealsoisimportanttoallaspectsofhumaninteraction/communicationConversation:facilitateallotherusesandfunctionsoflanguage/reflecttheaccomplishmentofhumancultureEmotiveexpression:expressyourinternalemotionalstateThinking:verbalthinkingplaysanextremelyimportantroleinhumancommunication.—byCrystalControlofreality:theuseofprayerorblessingsinvolvestheuseoflanguagetocontroltheforcesthatarebelievedtocontrolone’slife.Keepingofhistory:languageisthearchivesofhistoryfunctionstorecordfacts.Enculturation:languagehelpshareacommonorsimilarwordviewandsystemofvalue.Expressionofidentity:age,sex,education,s
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