How-to-Write-a-Scientific-Paper中英文版

HowtoWriteaScientificPaper?ByGeorgeM.WhitesidesDepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA怎样撰写科学论文?原著:GeorgeM.Whitesides(美国)译者:张希，林志宏PPT编排:苑立波ContentsWhatisascientificpaper?ThereasonforoutlinesHowshouldyouconstructanoutline?Whatshouldanoutlinecontain?IntroductionResultsandDiscussionConclusionExperimentalInsummarySomePointsofEnglishStyleWhatisascientificpaper?Whatisascientificpaper?什么是科技论文？Apaperisanorganizeddescriptionofhypotheses,dataandconclusions,intendedtoinstructthereader.Papersareacentralpartofresearch.Ifyourresearchdoesnotgeneratepapers,itmightjustaswellnothavebeendone.“Interestingandunpublished”isequivalentto“non-existent.”科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述，以此向读者论述。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文，也就等同于没有做研究。有意义但没有发表，等同于不存在。Realizethatyourobjectiveinresearchistoformulateandtesthypotheses,todrawconclusionsfromthesetests,andtoteachtheseconclusionstoothers.Yourobjectiveisnotto“collectdata.”要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，从一些测试中得出结论，并把结论传授给别人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。Whatisascientificpaper?什么是科技论文？Apaperisnotjustanarchivaldeviceforstoringacompletedresearchprogram,itisalsoastructureforplanningyourresearchinprogress.Ifyouclearlyunderstandthepurposeandformofapaper,itcanbeimmenselyusefultoyouinorganizingandconductingyourresearch.一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果，它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架。如果明确了论文的目的，这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。Whatisascientificpaper?什么是科技论文？Agoodoutlineforthepaperisalsoagoodplanfortheresearchprogram.Youshouldwriteandrewritetheseplans/outlinesthroughoutthecourseoftheresearch.Atthebeginning,youwillhavemostlyplan;好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；Whatisascientificpaper?什么是科技论文？attheend,mostlyoutline.Thecontinuousefforttounderstand,analyze,summarize,andreformulatehypothesesonpaperwillbeimmenselymoreefficientforyouthanaprocessinwhichyoucollectdataandonlystarttoorganizethemwhentheircollectionis“complete.”工作结束时，应充分的总结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解，分析，总结，形成假说；而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。Whatisascientificpaper?什么是科技论文？ThereasonforoutlinesThereasonforoutlines.为什么要写提纲？Iemphasizethecentralplaceofanoutlineinwritingpapers,preparingseminars,andplanningresearch.Iespeciallybelievethatforyou,andforme,itismostefficienttowritepapersfromoutlines.我在这里要强调提纲在论文写作，准备报告以及研究计划中的重要作用。我尤其相信按照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。Anoutlineisawrittenplanoftheorganizationofapaper,includingthedataonwhichitrests.Youshould,infact,thinkofanoutlineasacarefullyorganizedandpresentedsetofdata,withattendantobjectives,hypothesesandconclusions,ratherthananoutlineoftext.提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。事实上，提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目的，假说，结论来精心组织数据。Thereasonforoutlines.为什么要写提纲？Anoutlineitselfcontainslittletext.IfyouandIcanagreeonthedetailsoftheoutline(thatis,onthedataandorganization),thesupportingtextcanbeassembledfairlyeasily.Ifwedonotagreeontheoutline,anytextisuseless.Muchofthetimeinwritingapapergoesintothetext;提纲本身应该文字简练。如果大家都同意提纲中的细节部分，那么正文组织起来就更容易。在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的。写文章时，大部份时间花在写正文上；Thereasonforoutlines.为什么要写提纲？mostofthethoughtgoesintotheorganizationofthedataandintotheanalysis.Itcanberelativelyefficienttogothroughseveral(evenmany)cyclesofanoutlinebeforebeginningtowritetext;writingmanyversionsofthefulltextofapaperisslow.而大部份思考是用在整理和分析数据。在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢。Thereasonforoutlines.为什么要写提纲？AllthewritingthatIdo-papers,reports,proposals(and,ofcourse,slidesforseminars)-Idofromoutlines.Iurgeyoutolearnhowtousethemaswell.我写的所有文章，包括论文，报告，建议（当然还有讨论会的胶片）都从提纲开始。我也希望你们能学会使用它。Thereasonforoutlines.为什么要写提纲？Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?你应该如何起草你的提要？Theclassicalapproachistostartwithablankpieceofpaper,andwritedown,inanyorder,allimportantideasthatoccurtoyouconcerningthepaper.最经典的方法就是找一页空白的纸，以任何顺序，写下与这篇文章有关的所有重要观点。Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?你应该如何起草你的提要？Askyourselftheobviousquestions:“WhydidIdothiswork?”“Whatdoesitmean?”“WhathypothesisdidImeantotest?”“WhatonesdidIactuallytest?”“Whatweretheresults?”“Didtheworkyieldanewmethodorcompound?What?”“WhatmeasurementsdidImake?”“Whatcompounds?Howweretheycharacterized?”自问一些显而易见的问题：为什么我要做这项工作？它意味着什么?我要验证哪些假设?我究竟验证了哪些假设？结果如何？这项工作产生了新方法或新物质吗？都是什么？我都做了那些测试？什么化合物？它们是如何表征的？Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?你应该如何起草你的提要？Sketchpossibleequations,figures,andschemes.Itisessentialtotrytogetthemajorideaswrittendown.Ifyoustarttheresearchtotestonehypothesis,anddecide,whenyouseewhatyouhave,thatthedatareallyseemtotestsomeotherhypothesisbetter,don'tworry.展示相关的方程，图表和示意图。试着写出主要的观点。如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?你应该如何起草你的提要？Writethembothdown,andpickthebestcombinationsofhypotheses,objectivesanddata.Oftentheobjectivesofapaperwhenitisfinishedaredifferentfromthoseusedtojustifystartingthework.Muchofgoodscienceisopportunisticandrevisionist.把它们两者都写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。时常，当一篇文章完成时，它的目的和开始时是不同的。许多好的科学来自机遇和反复修正。Howshouldyouconstructanoutline?你应该如何起草你的提要？Whenyouhavewrittendownwhatyoucan,startwithanotherpieceofpaperandtrytoorganizethejumbleofthefirstone.Sortallofyourideasintothreemajorheaps(A-C).当你已经写下你能写的，再拿出一页纸，试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类（见A,B,C）A)IntroductionWhydidIdothework?Whatwere