国际经济学第九版英文课后答案-第3单元

*CHAPTER3(CoreChapter)THESTANDARDTHEORYOFINTERNATIONALTRADEOUTLINE3.1Introduction3.2TheProductionFrontierwithIncreasingCosts3.2aIllustrationofIncreasingCosts3.2bTheMarginalRateofTransformation3.2cReasonforIncreasingOpportunityCostsandDifferentProductionFrontiers3.3CommunityIndifferenceCurves3.3aIllustrationofCommunityIndifferenceCurves3.3bTheMarginalRateofSubstitution3.3cSomeDifficultieswithCommunityIndifferenceCurves3.4EquilibriuminIsolation3.4aIllustrationofEquilibriuminIsolation3.4bEquilibriumRelativeCommodityPricesandComparativeAdvantageCase3-1:RevealedComparativeAdvantageoftheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,andJapan3.5TheBasisforandtheGainsfromTradewithIncreasingCosts3.5aIllustrationoftheBasisforandtheGainsfromTradewithIncreasingCosts3.5bEquilibriumRelativeCommodityPriceswithTrade3.5cIncompleteSpecializationCaseStudy3-2:SpecializationandExportConcentrationinSelectedCountries3.5dSmallCountryCasewithIncreasingCosts3.5eTheGainsfromExchangeandfromSpecializationCaseStudy3-3:JobLossesinHighU.S.Import-CompetingIndustriesCaseStudy3-4:InternationalTradeandDeindustrializationintheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,andJapan3.6TradeBasedonDifferencesinTastesAPPENDIX:A3.1ProductionFunctions,Isoquants,IsocostsandEquilibriumA3.2ProductionTheorywithTwoNations,TwoCommoditiesandTwoFactorsA3.3DerivationoftheEdgeworthBoxDiagramandProductionFrontiersA3.4SomeImportantConclusionsKeyTermsIncreasingopportunitycostsRevealedcomparativeadvantageMarginalrateoftransformation(MRT)EquilibriumrelativecommoditypricewithtradeCommunityindifferencecurvesIncompletespecializationMarginalrateofsubstitution(MRS)GainsfromexchangeAutarkyGainsfromspecializationEquilibriumrelativecommoditypriceinisolationDeindustrializationLectureGuide1.InthefirstlectureofChapter3,IwouldcoverSections1,2,and3.Section2canbecoveredquickly,exceptfor2b,whichrequirescarefulexplanationbecauseofitssubsequentimportance.Carefulexplanationisalsorequiredfor3b.IwouldassignProblems1and2.2.Inthesecondlecture,IwouldcoverSections4,5a,and5b.Thisisthebasictrademodelanditisessentialforthestudenttomasteritcompletely.Tothisend,IwouldassignandgradeProblems3and4.3.Inthethirdlecture,Iwouldcovertheremainderofthechapter.Thetopicshererepresentelaborationsofthebasictrademodel.Iwouldassignproblems5,6,and7andgooverproblem7inclasseventhoughitsanswerisalsointhebackofthebook.IwouldmaketheAppendicesoptionalforthosestudentsintheclasswhohavehadintermediatemicrotheory.AnswertoProblems1.a)SeeFigure1.b)TheslopeofthetransformationcurveincreasesasthenationproducesmoreofXanddecreasesasthenationproducesmoreofY.ThesereflectincreasingopportunitycostsasthenationproducesmoreofXorY.2.a)SeeFigure2.WehavedrawncommunityindifferencecurvesasdownwardornegativelyslopedbecauseasthecommunityconsumesmoreofXitwillhavetogiveupsomeofYtoremainonthesameindifferencecurve.b)TheslopemeasureshowmuchofYthenationcangiveupbyconsumingonemoreunitofXandstillremainatthesamelevelofsatisfaction;theslopedeclinesbecausethemoreofXandthelessofYthenationisleftwith,thelesssatisfactionitreceivesfromadditionalunitsofXandthemoresatisfactionitreceivesfromeachretainedunitofY.c)IIIIItotherightoftheintersection,whileIIIIItotheleft.Thisisinconsistentbecauseanindifferencecurveshouldshowagivenlevelofsatisfaction.Thus,indifferencecurvescannotcross.3.a)SeeFigure3onpage22.b)Nation1hasacomparativeadvantageinXandNation2inY.c)Iftherelativecommoditypricelinehasequalslopeinbothnations.4.a)SeeFigure4.b)Nation1gainsbytheamountbywhichpointEistotherightandabovepointAandNation2bytheexcessofE'overA'.Nation1gainsmorefromtradebecausetherelativepriceofXwithtradediffersmorefromitspretradepricethanforNation2.5.a)SeeFigure5.InFigure5,SreferstoNation1'ssupplycurveofexportsofcommodityX,whileDreferstoNation2'sdemandcurveforNation1'sexportsofcommodityX.DandSintersectatpointE,determiningtheequilibriumPB=Px/Py=1andtheequilibriumquantityofexportsof60X.b)AtPx/Py=11/2thereisanexcesssupplyofexportsofR'R=30XandPx/PyfallstowardequilibriumPx/Py=1.c)AtPx/Py=1/2,thereisanexcessdemandofexportsofHH'=80XandPx/PyrisestowardPx/Py=1.6.TheFigureinProblem5isconsistentwithFigure3-4inthetext.FromtheleftpanelofFigure3-4,weseethatNation1suppliesnoexportsofcommodityXatPx/Py=1/4(pointA).ThiscorrespondswiththeverticalorpriceinterceptofNation1'ssupplycurveofexportsofcommodityX(pointA).TheleftpanelofFigure3-4alsoshowsthatatPx/Py=1,Nation1iswillingtoexport60X(pointE).ThesameisshownbyNation1'ssupplycurveofexportsofcommodityX.TheotherpointsonNation1'ssupplycurveofexportsinthefigureofProblem5canalsobederivedfromtheleftpanelofFigure3-4,butthisisshowninChapter4withoffercurves.Nation2'sdemandcurveforNation1'sexportsofcommodityXcouldbederivedfromtherightpanelofFigure3-4,asshowninChapter4.WhatisimportantisthatwecanusetheDandSfigureinProblem5toexplainwhytheequilibriumrelativecommoditypricewithtradeisPx/Py=1andwhytheequilibriumquantitytradedofcommodityXis60unitsinFigure3-4.7.SeeFigure6onpage24.ThesmallnationwillmovefromAtoBinproduction,exportsXinexchangeforYsoastoreachpointEA.8.a)Thesmallnationspecializesintheproduction