美国司法英语PPT

federaljudiciaryoftheUnitedStatesThefederaljudiciaryoftheUnitedStatesisoneofthethreeco-equalbranchesoftheFederalgovernmentoftheUnitedStatesorganizedundertheUnitedStatesConstitutionandlawsofthefederalgovernment.federaljudiciaryoftheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesUnitedStatescourtsofappealsUnitedStatesdistrictcourtSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates•TheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateswasestablishedpursuanttoArticleIIIoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionin1789asthehighestfederalcourtintheUnitedStates.•TheCourtconsistsoftheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatesandeightassociatejusticeswhoarenominatedbythePresidentandconfirmedbytheSenate.Onceappointed,justiceshavelifetenureunlesstheyresign,retire,takeseniorstatus,orareremovedafterimpeachment(thoughnojusticehaseverbeenremoved).UnitedStatescourtsofappeals•TheUnitedStatescourtsofappealsareconsideredamongthemostpowerfulandinfluentialcourtsintheUnitedStates.BecauseoftheirabilitytosetlegalprecedentinregionsthatcovermillionsofAmericans,theUnitedStatescourtsofappealshavestrongpolicyinfluenceonU.S.law.Moreover,becausetheU.S.SupremeCourtchoosestoreviewlessthan1%ofthemorethan10,000casesfiledwithitannually,theUnitedStatescourtsofappealsserveasthefinalarbiteronmostfederalcases.UnitedStatesdistrictcourt•ThedistrictcourtswereestablishedbyCongressunderArticleIIIoftheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thecourtshearcivilandcriminalcases,andeachispairedwithabankruptcycourt.[2]Appealsfromthedistrictcourtsaremadetooneofthe13courtsofappeals,organizedgeographically.Thenumberofdistrictcourtsinacourtofappeals'circuitvariesbetweenoneandthirteen,dependingonthenumberofstatesintheregionandthenumberofdistrictsineachstate.federaljudiciaryoftheUnitedStates1.Thejudicialpower,thelaw.thesupremecourtoffinaladjudicationandtheconstitutionalreview2.Federalcourtjudgebythepresidentaskedthesenateandappointed3.Thejudgeifthepathofduty,lifetenureandshallnotberemovedfromofficeofthecongressdecidedtoimpeach•此案发生于1801年。起因是当时的美国总统约翰·亚当斯在其任期的最后一天午夜，突击任命了42位治安法官，但其中16人的任命状未能及时送达；继任的总统托马斯·杰斐逊让国务卿詹姆斯·麦迪逊将这16份委任状统统扔掉。其中，一位因此而没能当上法官的人叫做马伯里，由此提起了对麦迪逊的诉讼。审理该案的法官约翰·马歇尔，运用高超的法律技巧和智慧，判决该案中所援引的《1789年司法条例》第13款因违宪而被无效，从而解决了此案，并从此确立了美国最高法院有权解释宪法、裁定政府行为和国会立法行为是否违宪的制度，对美国的政治制度产生了重大而深远的影响。•TheUnitedStatesdistrictcourtsarethegeneraltrialcourtsoftheUnitedStatesfederalcourtsystem.Bothcivilandcriminalcasesarefiledinthedistrictcourt,whichisacourtoflaw,equity,andadmiralty.