研究生英语写作材料

1PartI.GeneralIntroductionI.AnIntroductiontoWriting1.PointandSupport1.1AnImportantDifferenceBetweenWritingandTalkingIneverydayconversation,youmakeallkindsofpointsorassertions.Yousay,forexample,Mybossisahardpersontoworkfor;It'snotsafetowalkinourneighborhoodafterdark;orPoorstudyhabitskeepgettingmeintotrouble.Thepointsthatyoumakeconcernpersonalmattersaswellas,attimes,outsideissues:Thattradewillbeadisasterfortheteam;LotsofTVcommercialsaredegradingtowomen;Studentsarebetteroffworkingforayearbeforeattendingcollege.Thepeopleyouaretalkingwithdonotalwayschallengeyoutogivereasonsforyourstatements.Theymayknowwhyyoufeelasyoudo,ortheymayalreadyagreewithyou,ortheysimplymaynotwanttoputyouonthespot;andsotheydonotalwaysask,Why?Butthepeoplewhoreadwhatyouwritemaynotknowyou,agreewithyou,orfeelinanywayobligedtoyou.Ifyouwanttocommunicateeffectivelywithreaders,youmustprovidesolidevidenceforanypointyoumake.Animportantdifference,then,betweenwritingandtalkingisthis:Inwriting,anyideathatyouadvancemustbesupportedwithspecificreasonsordetails.Thinkofyourreadersasreasonablepeople.Theywillnottakeyourviewsonfaith,buttheyarewillingtoacceptwhatyousayaslongasyousupportit.Therefore,remembertosupportwithspecificevidenceanypointthatyoumake.1.2PointandSupportinaParagraphInconversation,youmightsaytoafriendwhohassuggestedamovie,No,thanks.Goingtothemoviesisjusttoomuchofahassle.Parking,people,everything.Fromsharedpastexperiences,yourfriendmayknowwhatyouaretalkingaboutsothatyouwillnothavetoexplainyourstatement.Butinwriting,yourpointwouldhavetobebackedupwithspecificreasonsanddetails.Belowisaparagraph,writtenbyastudentnamedDianeWoods,onwhymoviegoingisanuisance.Aparagraphisashortpaperofaround150to200words.Itusuallyconsistsofanopeningpointcalledatopicsentencefollowedbyaseriesofsentenceswhichsupportthatpoint.TheHazardsofMoviegoingAlthoughIlovemovies,I'vefoundthattherearedrawbackstomoviegoing.Oneproblemisjusttheinconvenienceofitall.Togettothetheater,Ihavetodriveforatleastfifteenminutes,ormoreiftrafficisbad.Itcantakeforevertofindaparkingspot,andthenIhavetowalkacrossahugeparkinglottothetheater.ThereIencounterlonglines,sold-outshows,andever-increasingprices.AndIhatesittingwithmyfeetstickingtothefloorbecauseofotherpeople'sspilledsnacks.Anotherproblemismylackofself-controlatthetheater.Ioftenstuffmyselfwithunhealthycalorie-ladensnacks.Mychoicesmightincludeabucketofpopcorn,aboxofMilkDuds,agiantsoda,orallthree.Theworstproblemissomeoftheothermoviegoers.Kidsrunupanddowntheaisle.Teenagerslaughandshoutatthescreen.Peopleofallagesdropsodacupsandpopcorntubs,coughandburp,andtalktooneanother.Allinall,IwouldratherstayhomeandwaittoseethelatestmoviehitsoncableTVinthe2comfortofmyownlivingroom.Noticewhatthesupportingevidencedoeshere.Itprovidesyou,thereader,withabasisforunderstandingwhythewritermakesthepointthatismade.Throughthisspecificevidence,thewriterhasexplainedandsuccessfullycommunicatedtheideathatmoviegoingcanbeanuisance.Theevidencethatsupportsthepointinapaperoftenconsistsofaseriesofreasonsfollowedbyexamplesanddetailsthatsupportthereasons.Thatistrueoftheparagraphabove:Threereasonsareprovided,withexamplesanddetailsthatbackupthosereasons.Supportingevidenceinapapercanalsoconsistofanecdotes,personalexperiences,facts,studies,statistics,andtheopinionsofexperts.Exercise：Theparagraphonmoviegoing,likealmostanypieceofeffectivewriting,hastwoessentialparts:(1)Apointisadvanced,and(2)thatpointisthensupported.Takingaminutetooutlinetheparagraphwillhelpyouunderstandthesebasicpartsclearly.Writeinthefollowingspacethepointthathasbeenadvancedintheparagraph.Thenaddthewordsneededtocompletetheoutlineoftheparagraph.Point:_____________________________________________________________________________Support:1._____________________________________________________________________a.Fifteen-minutedrivetotheaterb.____________________________________________________________________c.Longlines,sold-outshows,andincreasingpricesd.____________________________________________________________________2.Lackofself-controla.Oftenstuffmyselfwithunhealthysnacksb.Mighthavepopcorn,candy,soda,orallthree3._____________________________________________________________________a.___________________________________________________________________b.___________________________________________________________________c.Peopleofallagesmakenoise.1.3PointandSupportinanEssayAnexcellentwaytolearnhowtowriteclearlyandlogicallyistopracticethetraditionalcollegeessay—apaperofaboutfivehundredwordsthattypicallyconsistsofanintroductoryparagraph,twotofoursupportingparagraphs(thenorminthisbookwillbethree),andaconcludingparagraph.Thecentralidea,orpoint,developedinanyessayiscalledathesisstatement(ratherthan,asinaparagraph,atopicsentence).Thethesisappearsintheintroductoryparagraph,andthespecificsupportforthethesisappearsintheparagraphsthatfollow.Thesupportingparagraphsallowforafullertreatmentoftheevidencethatbacksupthecentralpointthanwouldbepossibleinasingle-paragraphpaper.1.4StructureoftheTraditionalEssayAModelEssay:Thefollowingmodelwillhelpyouund