新编简明英语语言学教程05Chapter-5_semantics

1Chapter5：Semantics语义学2Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.语义学是对语言意义的研究。Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.意义是研究交际的核心内容。Whatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.3SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningNamingtheory(Plato)命名论Theconceptualistview概念论Contextualism(Bloomfield)语境论Behaviorism行为主义论4Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.词语只是代表物体的名字或标记。Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…5Theconceptualistview概念论Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.语言学形式和所指之间（即语言和现实世界之间）没有直接联系；而在对意义的解释中，形式和所指是通过思维概念彼此联系。6OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle奥格登和理查兹的语义三角Symbol/form（符号/形式）word/phrase/sentenceReferent（所指）objectintheworldofexperienceThought/reference（concept）（思想/指称）7TheTheoryofReferenceWords→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things--PlatonicWords→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsthought/concept/imagesymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)8airplane9Thesymbolorawordsignifies“things”byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.用符号或单词表示物体是通过言语者思维中单词的形式与概念联系起来实现的。从这个观点看，概念就是单词的意义。OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle奥格登和理查兹的语义三角10Contextualism(语境论)Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.意义应当从场景,运用,语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:Situationalcontext;linguisticsituation场景语境和语言语境11Linguisticcontext:sometimesknownasco-text,isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.语言语境有时也称为互文,它所涉及的是一个词与另一个词共现或搭配构成该词的部分意义的可能性,而且语境也涉及某一特定话语之前和之后的语境部分.12Forexample,“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.Thesealcouldnotbefound.13Behaviorism(行为主义论)Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.在特定情境下,说话人的话语在听话人身上引起的反应.ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R14Lexicalmeaning词汇意义Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.意义和指称是在词义研究中经常遇到的两个术语.它们是意义的两个相关但不相同的方面.15Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.意义指的是语言形式的内在意义.它是语言形式所有特征的集合,是抽象的,而且与语境无关,是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面.16Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.指称意指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系.17Note:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.themorningstarandtheeveningstar,Venus金星/启明星:在西边时是eveningstar在东边时是morningstarrisingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.18Majorsenserelations主要的意义关系Synonymy同义Antonymy反义Polysemy一词多义Homonymy同音异义Hyponymy下义关系19Synonymy同义现象Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.同义现象是指意义的相同或极为相近.意义相近的词称为同义词1)Dialectalsynonyms(方言同义词)----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline…20buy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmenttube/underground2)Stylisticsynonyms(文体同义词)----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;…21Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,e.g.collaborator-accomplice,…情感和评价意义不同的同义词4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配同义词),e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms,e.g.amaze,astound,…语义不同的同义词22Polysemy多义现象Polysemy----thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“table”maymean:ApieceoffurnitureAllthepeopleseatedatatableThefoodthatisputonatableAthinflatpieceofstone,metalwood,etc.Orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.……23Homonymy同音异义Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.同音异义是指不同意义的词拥有相同的形式,即不同的词在发音或者拼写上一样,或者两者都一样.Homophone(同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…24Homogragh(同形异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym(完全同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…25Note:Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword