Unit-2-critical-thinking

Unit2CriticalThinking批判性思维思辨KeynoteAddress—July23,2007ByRichardPaul,DirectorofResearchandProfessionalDevelopmentattheCenterforCriticalThinking,ChairoftheNationalCouncilforExcellenceinCriticalThinkingThe27thAnnualInternationalConferenceonCriticalThinking—July23—26,2007Berkeley,CAIncollegeeducationandindailylife,criticalthinkingisofvitalimportance.RichardPaul,inthefollowingsection,givesanenlighteningdiscussionoftheissue.Whatiscriticalthinking?Therearemanywaystodefineit.Itisasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem.Itopensupbusiness,chemistry,andsportsliketennisandbasketball.Itopensupprofessionalpractice.Itopensupethnicsandenablesustoseethroughideology.Itenablesustoputthingsintointellectualperspective它让我们以知识的眼光看待事物.Asystemthatopensupsystemsisonewaytothinkofcriticalthinking.开发各种系统的系统，这是看待批判性思维的一种方式。Hereisthefirstdefinitionofcriticalthinking.Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought分析思想,thatassessesthought评估思想,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter升华思想的思维.Hereistheseconddefinitionofcriticalthinking.There’sathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinkingoverlappingandrelatedtotheothertwo.It’sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter.Hereisthethirddefinitionofcriticalthinking.Everyonethinks.Wehavenochoiceaboutthat.But,noteverybodythinksabouttheirthinking.Andnoteveryonewhothinksabouttheirthinkingthinksaboutitwell.Youcanworryaboutyourthinking.Youcanthinkbadlyofyourthinking.Youcanbeembarrassedbyyourthinking.Youcanfocusonitinadysfunctionalway你可以以功能失调的方式关注你的思维—thatisnotcriticalthinking.Thismorning,let’sthinkaboutitasawayofthinkingthatenablesathinkertothinkregularlyatahigherlevelthanmostpeoplearecapableofthinking.Inotherwords,criticalthinking,asIamconceivingit,transformsthinkingintwodirections把思维导致两个方向.Youthinkmoresystematicallyasaresult.Andyouthinkmorecomprehensivelyasaresult.Andinthinkingmorecomprehensively,youthinkatahigherlevel.Notbecauseyouareatahigherlevelasaperson,butbecauseyouareabletoputthinkingintothebackgroundandseeit=thinkinginalarger,morecomprehensiveframework.Forexample,weneedtodiscovertheextenttowhichourthinkingisboundbyaculture受文化的约束.Culturesaregoodinmanyways.But,totheextentthattheylockusintooneway使我们局限于某一视角oflookingattheworld,weneedtotranscendthem我们需要超越文化.Weneedtothinkbeyondthem.Whyisthisimportant?It’simportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydetermined深深地受到（我们思维方式）的左右—inourlife,andinourbehavior,andinourcharacter,andinotherways–aredeterminedbyourthinking.Wehavenochoicebuttobegovernedbythought.Thequestionis,dowegovernthethoughtthatgovernsus我们控制了那些控制我们的思想了吗?Ideascontrolus.观念控制着我们Dowecontrolthem?Ideascontrolourthinking.Soinordertothinkcritically,weneedtogetridofideas.Reversingtheprocesssothatwe’reinthedriver’sseat将这个过程倒过来，这样我们就坐在驾驶座上—sothatwe’redoingthethinkingweneedtodoaswellaswecan–iswhatcriticalthinkingisabout.Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithal方法toraiseourcollectivethinking激发我们的集体思维soastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld.ThetaskbeforeuscollectivelyisaHerculean[ˌhɜːkjuˈliːən]大力神的，力大无比的，费力的one.Thetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocieties.Theideaofacriticalsocietydatesbackmanyhundredyears,butitwasverypointedlycalledfor明确提出in1906,byWilliamGrahamSumner,thegreatanthropologist,whoemphasizedinhisseminal开创性的，种子的book,Folkways,《民俗论》thatifacriticalsocietyexisted–thatis,asocietyinwhichcriticalthinkingwasamajorsocialvalue–ifsuchasocietyweretoemerge,itwouldtransformeverydimensionoflifeandpractice.Wearefarfromsuchasociety,butweneedtothinkaboutit.Itneedstobepartofourvision.Thestructureofthisconferencesuggestssomeofthemostimportantdimensionsofthisvision.Ifyouthinkaboutthetaskofdevelopingcriticalthinking,donotthinkthattaskisgoingtobeaccomplishedeasilywithoutfacingbarrierstocriticalthought,amongstwhicharethefollowing.Humanegocentricity,ourtendencytothinkwithourselvesatthecenteroftheworld.Sociocentricity,ourtendencytothinkwithintheconfinesofoursocialgroups.Self-delusion,ourtendencytocreatepicturesoftheworldthatdeceiveusandothers.Narrow-mindedness,whereinwethinkofourselvesasbroad,deep,andintouchwithrealitywhen,ifonlyweunderstood,wewouldseeourselvesasnarrowandlimited.Or,thinkofthebarrieroffear.Fearunderminesthinking,feardrivesustothelowestlevelsofthought,fearmakesusdefensive.Itmakesuslittleandpetty.Andthenthereishumaninsecurity.And,thenhumanhabits,ourtendenciestogothroughthesameoldpatternsofthoughtandbehaviorandbedominatedbythem;ourinabilitytotargetournegativehabitsandreplacethemwithpositivehabits.Thenthereisroutine:Ordinaryroutine.Whenyougobacktoyourhomeenvironment,ordinaryroutinewillclickinandmanyofyouwillfindthatthethingsyouintendedtodo,thechangesyouintendedtomake,somehowareswallowedupintheordinaryroutineofthings.Andconnectedtoroutinethereisahugeobstacle:bureaucracy.Wehavecreatedallkindsoflevelsofmonitoringandtestingandcontrollingandlimitingandsanctioning,ordering,definingourbehaviorandourthoughts.And,veryoftenthebureaucratforgetsthepurposeforwhichtheinstitutionexists.Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle,becausecriticalthinkingasksthosestudentstolearnin