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外语下载中心题目分类第二类行为类/教育类12People'sattitudesaredeterminedmorebytheirimmediatesituationorsurroundingsthanbyanyinternalcharacteristic.18.★“Onlybybeingforcedtodefendanideaagainstthedoubtsandcontrastingviewsofothersdoesonereallydiscoverthevalueofthatidea.”只有通过被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳,并把它与其他观点进行比较/排除异己,人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。同意与异议。科学的每次进步以及社会的每次进步几乎都是在质疑中进行的。如,哈维WilliamHarvey敢于质疑盖伦,使得医学又一次进步。WilliamHarvey(1April1578–3June1657)wasanEnglishphysicianwhowasthefirstintheWesternworldtodescribecorrectlyandinexactdetailthesystemiccirculationandpropertiesofbloodbeingpumpedaroundthebodybytheheart.又如Vesalius维萨里,MichaelServetus塞尔维特是肺循环的发现人。静脉血液只能朝着心脏方向运行的论证,成为生理学由蒙昧走向科学的例子。只有当出现相反观点的时候我们才有动力去继续深入研究,同时也丰富了观察角度。同时防止懒惰的思想统治思维,不再满足于对某一想象以往的单一认识。分歧是指合理的质疑精神,最重要的人文精神:是科技创新发展的前提;市政官员施政的本质,学生求得真知的动力。质疑精神并不是排除异己,其实是思想交流而非排斥。过分质疑导致的非此即彼会阻碍科学的进步和发展。21Reformisseldombroughtaboutbypeoplewhoareconcernedwiththeirownreputationandsocialstanding.Thosewhoarereallyinearnestaboutreformingagovernment,aneducationalsystem,oranyotherinstitutionmustbewillingtobeviewedwithdisdainbytherestoftheworld.25Anyonecanmakethingsbiggerandmorecomplex.Whatrequiresrealeffortandcourageistomoveintheoppositedirection—inotherwords,tomakethingsassimpleaspossible.27.“Noonecanpossiblyachievesuccessintheworldbyconformingtoconventionalpracticesandconventionalwaysofthinking.”这个世界上,在行动或思维上墨守成规的人是不会获得成功的。新手和老手之墨守成规和成功不能一概吸收也不能一概批判。一个人如果一味墨守陈规,就很难突破前任对他的束缚,很难取得真正的成功。政治上的墨守成规会导致政治制度的僵化Rigidpoliticalsystem,经济上会导致发展死水backwater,学科上会让人变成井底之蛙。创新意识的重要性。一个真正获得伟大成功尤其是成就卓越的人都会具有创新精神、敢于摆脱传统束缚的人。如:著名化学家戴维一生在探索化学元素,最终成为世界上发现化学元素最多的人,同时还开创了许多真空地带,同时也是利用电解法得到碱金属元素的化学家,提拔了助手法拉第。SirHumphryDavy,1stBaronetFRSMRIA(17December1778–29May1829)wasaBritishchemistandinventor.[1]Heis外语下载中心[2]oneofthebestmemoirswhichhaseverenrichedthetheoryofchemistry.[3]Thispaperwascentraltoanychemicalaffinitytheoryinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.MichaelFaraday,FRS(22September1791–25August1867)wasanEnglishchemistandphysicist(ornaturalphilosopher,intheterminologyofthetime)whocontributedtothefieldsofelectromagnetismandelectrochemistry.HaroldClaytonUrey(April29,1893–January5,1981)wasanAmericanphysicalchemistwhosepioneeringworkonisotopesearnedhimtheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1934andlaterledhimtotheoriesofplanetaryevolution.第三段:但是我们对于某一领域已有的成就要有批判地吸收。如哥白尼、开普勒JohannesKepler和牛顿。establish,whichlaidafoundationof…LawofGravity31Moneyspentonresearchisalmostalwaysagoodinvestment,evenwhentheresultsofthatresearcharecontroversial.35Nomatterwhatthesituation,itismoreharmfultocompromiseone'sbeliefsthantoadheretothem.37Inmostsocieties,competitiongenerallyhasmoreofanegativethanapositiveeffect.62Thewidespreadideathatpeopleshouldmakeself-improvementaprimarygoalintheirlivesisproblematicbecauseitassumesthatpeopleareintrinsicallydeficient.64Manypeopleknowhowtoattainsuccess,butfewknowhowtomakethebestuseofit.68Peoplemakethemistakeoftreatingexpertswithsuspicionandmistrust,nomatterhowvaluabletheircontributionsmightbe.71Spendingtimealonemakesoneabettercompaniontoothers.74Themosteffectivewaytocommunicateanideaorvaluetolargegroupsofpeopleisthroughtheuseofimages,notlanguage.75Thepeoplewhomakeimportantcontributionstosocietyaregenerallynotthosewhodeveloptheirownnewideas,butthosewhoaremostgiftedatperceivingandcoordinatingthetalentsandskillsofothers.81.“Patrioticreverenceforthehistoryofanationoftendoesmoretoimpedethantoencourageprogress.”对国家历史的热爱和崇敬往往对国家发展起阻碍作用,而不是推动作用。沙文主义——关于改革。适度的爱国主义是促进。墨守成规。过度地爱国导致沙文主义Chauvinism/jingoism。外语下载中心对于国家光辉历史的热爱,有助于激发爱国热情。它是国家民族凝聚力的原动力,通过了解一个国家的历史能够激发民族自豪感。同时,通过了解民族和国家的血泪史也能够提高全体公民的动力。历史是过去真实而客观的写照。回顾历史有助于解决现在很多问题,大量参考经验和失败教训。但是,任何事物都不宜过火。如:过度爱国导致沙文主义对社会发展有害impede。文化单边主义Unilateralism。在全球化背景下,重蹈文化优劣比较的覆辙。1991~1992年的克罗地亚内战,波黑内战。84.“Inanyfieldofendeavor,itisimpossibletomakeasignificantcontributionwithoutfirstbeingstronglyinfluencedbypastachievementswithinthatfield.”在任何领域中,如果不首先接受该领域中过去研究成果的影响,就不可能会有意义重大的成功现在和过去任何现在事物都受到过去重大成就和失败的影响。正如牛顿所说,我所取得的成就是因为无数先辈的肩膀上。WhatDes-Cartesdidwasagoodstep.Youhaveaddedmuchseveralways,andespeciallyintakingthecoloursofthinplatesintophilosophicalconsideration.IfIhaveseenfurtheritisbystandingontheshouldersofGiants.自然科学领域中巴斯德对李斯特JosephLister的影响。路易斯·巴斯德(LouisPasteur)(1821-1895.9.25)法国微生物学家、化学家,近代微生物学的奠基人。像牛顿开辟出经典力学一样,巴斯德开辟了微生物领域,他也是一位科学巨人。巴氏消毒法pasteurization,李斯特碳酸消毒法listerize社会科学领域,苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德的师承关系;哲学领域:柏拉图、康德、奥古斯丁——永不休止的哲学奠基人。艺术领域:巴赫、贝多芬和勃拉姆斯(第一交响曲被誉为贝多芬第十交响曲)。虽然前人经验值得参考,但想取得更大成功,离不开自身的创新精神培养,要在前人基础上不断创新和改善,才能使得该领域不断前行。86Youngpeopleshouldbeencouragedtopursuelong-term,realisticgoalsratherthanseekimmediatefameandrecognition.87Inanyfieldofinquiry,thebeginnerismorelikelythantheexperttomakeimportantdiscoveries.91Mostpeoplethinkthattheirdeeplyheldvaluesareth
本文标题:GRE-Issue高频分类提纲
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