您好,欢迎访问三七文档
1Howdoesinsertioninglobalvaluechainsaffectupgradinginindustrialclusters?JohnHumphreyandHubertSchmitz*InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex,BrightonBN19RE,UK.j.humphrey@ids.ac.ukh.schmitz@ids.ac.ukWhatisthescopeforlocalupgradingstrategieswhereproducersoperateinglobalvaluechains?Theliteratureonindustrialclustersemphasisestheroleofinter-firmco-operationandlocalinstitutionsinenablingupgrading.Thevaluechainliteraturefocusesontheroleofglobalbuyersandchaingovernanceindefiningupgradingopportunities.Thispaperarguesthatclustersareinsertedintoglobalvaluechainsindifferentways,andthatthishasconsequencesforenablingordisablinglocal-levelupgradingefforts.Itpaysparticularattentiontothepositionofdevelopingcountryfirmssellingtolarge,globalbuyers.Keywords:clusters,valuechains,competitiveness,upgrading,developingcountries1IntroductionFirmsindevelopingcountries,incommonwithfirmseverywhere,areunderpressuretoimprovetheirperformanceandincreasetheircompetitiveness.New,low-costproducersareenteringglobalmarkets,intensifyingcompetitioninmarketsforlabour-intensivemanufactures.Howcanfirmsindevelopingcountriesrespondtothistypeofchallengewhileatthesametimemaintainingreturnstobothlabourandcapitalfromengagingintrade?Theliteratureoncompetitivenesssuggeststhatthemostviableresponseisto‘upgrade’-tomakebetterproducts,makethemmoreefficiently,ormoveintomoreskilledactivities(PORTER,1990;KAPLINSKY,2000).Severalschoolsofthoughthaveemphasisedthelocaldeterminantsofcompetitiveness,includingthe‘neweconomicgeography’,businessstudies,regionalscienceandinnovationstudies.Notonlyissomeofthisliteratureoptimisticaboutthepossibilityofstrengtheningcompetitivenessthroughlocalorregionalindustrialpolicy(e.g.COOKEandMORGAN,1998;PYKE,1992),butithasalsobeenarguedthatinaglobalisingeconomytheonlyenduringbasisforcompetitiveadvantagewillbelocalisedandbasedontacitknowledge:theformationoftheworldmarket...increasestheimportanceofheterogeneous,localisedcapabilitiesforbuildingfirm-specificcompetences(MASKELLandMALMBERG,1999:172).Theanalysisofindustrialclustersindevelopingcountriesbuildsontheseperspectives,focusingontheroleoflocallinkagesingeneratingcompetitiveadvantageinlabour-*InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofSussex.Thispaperisanoutputoftheresearchproject‘Theinteractionoflocalandglobalgovernance:implicationsforindustrialupgrading,’undertakenjointlybytheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(IDS)attheUniversityofSussexandtheInstituteforDevelopmentandPeace(INEF)oftheUniversityofDuisburg.WearegratefultotheVolkswagenFoundationforfundingthisprojectandtoallthoseassociatedwiththisprojectwhohavecontributedtothedevelopmentofourthinking.Thepaperhasalsobenefittedfromthecommentsofananonymousreviewer.Theshortcomingsofthepaperareourresponsibilityalone.2intensiveexportindustriessuchasfootwearandgarments.1However,theseproductsarepreciselytheonesinwhichglobalbuyers(whetheragents,retailersorbrand-namecompanies)havecometoplayanincreasinglyimportantroleintheorganisationofglobalproductionanddistributionsystems.Oneofthemainliteratureswhichanalysesthesesystems,globalvaluechainresearch,2takesaverydifferentapproachtothequestionofupgrading,emphasisingcross-borderlinkagesbetweenfirmsinglobalproductionanddistributionsystemsratherthanlocallinkages(GEREFFIandKORZENIEWICZ,1994;GEREFFIandKAPLINSKY,2001).Howcanthesetwoliteraturesbereconciled?Oneemphasisestheimportanceoflocallinkagesandtheothergloballinkages.Clearlythereisaneedtobringthesetwoperspectivestogether,particularlyinthecaseofexportorientedclustersthatareinsertedintoglobalvaluechains.Thispaperprovidesameansofdoingthis.Thequestionwhichdrivesthispaperishowinsertionintoglobalvaluechainsaffectslocalupgradingstrategies.Inordertoanswerthisquestionwedistinguishbetweendifferenttypesofupgradinganddifferenttypesofchains.Forthelatter,wefocusonthewaythechainisco-ordinated.Thepapersuggeststhatthereisacontinuumfromarm's-lengthmarketrelationshipsthroughtohierarchicalgovernance(verticalintegration).Inbetween,therearetwoparticularlyimportanttypesofco-ordinationofglobalvaluechains:networksbringingtogetherpartnerswithcomplementarycompetences,andquasihierarchyinwhichthereisasymmetryofcompetenceandpowerinfavourofoneparty(frequentlytheglobalbuyer).Thepaperpaysparticularattentiontothequasi-hierarchicalformofchaingovernance,explainingwhyitiscommoninsourcingfromdevelopingcountriesandhowitaffectstheupgradingoflocalfirms.Wecametothisquestionthroughourresearchonclustersindevelopingcountrieswhereproducersfoundthemselvesinasymmetricalrelationshipswiththeircustomers.Theseproducerswerefacingpowerfulglobalbuyerswhohadamajorinfluencenotjustonsalesbutalsoonthetypeofupgradingstrategiesopentothem.Sincethen,wefoundthatthisissueisnotconfinedtodevelopingcountryclusters.Rabellotti(2001)findsasimilarproblemfacingshoeproducersinItaly.Whyisthereaproblem?Whyisitimportanttoaskhowinsertionintoglobalvaluechainsaffectsupgradinginthecluster?Boththeclusterliteratureandtheglobalvaluechainresearchemphasisethatinteractioniscentraltoupgrading,butonegivesprimeimportancetotheinteractionwithlocalfi
本文标题:How-does-insertion-in-global-value-chains-affect-u
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-4290753 .html