中国制造业发展与劳动力质量优化配置研究

华中科技大学博士学位论文中国制造业发展与劳动力质量优化配置研究姓名：袁开洪申请学位级别：博士专业：西方经济学指导教师：张卫东20060511I20IIIIIAbstractChina’smanufacturingindustrieshavegotgreatdevelopmentsincetheadaptationofReformingandOpenning.ThishasnotonlymadetheeconomyofChinagrowrapidly,butalsomadetheeconomicstructuredulytransformedandthehigh-techindustriesgreatlypromoted.Butinthisprogress,itsinternalproblems,suchasframeworklagging,lowindustryconvergency,lowfirmscalebenefits,etc.,havegreatlylimiteditsfurtherdevelopment.Soastoseefromthepracticalcapital,technology,andlaborsituations,China’sbeingoneofthegreatest-manufacturingindustriesbasementsmainlyreliesonthelowerlaborcosts,namelythecomparativelowercostadvantagescreatedbytheenormouspopulation.Whileintheseyears,thelowercostcomparativeadvantagehasbeengreatlyweakenedbytheotherdevelopingcountries’manufacturingindustriesbasementsarising,andthishasmadethefutureprogressofChina’smanufacturingindustriesimpaired.Atthesametime,thetheoriesandpracticeofindustrialeconomicsandothereconomicshavecertifiedthatonlythetechnologypromotingandtheindustryinnovationcanguaranteethequitegreatdevelopmentofmanufacturingindustries.Thismeansthatasthemattercarrierofthetechnology,laborforces’functionapparentlyappeared.Furthermore,theprogressandupgradingofChina’smanufacturingindustriesalsocannotcarryoutwithoutthelabor’sattending.So,thishasledtooneconclusionthatweshouldmakeresearchonthequalityoflaborforces.Otherwise,eventhoughmanyareasofChinahavechosenthemanufacturingindustriesastheunderpinningindustry,onlytheeastarea,mainlytheYangziTri-areaandZhujiangTri-areacandoitwell.Theexistingliteratureshadascribedtheseareas’successtothecapitaladvantages,technologyadvantages,laborquantities,etc.Butactuallytosay,theyallforgetoneimportantthing-theseareashavemorehigh-qualitylaborforcesthanotherareas,especiallythewesternarea.Incertainmeaning,theintrinsicreasonoftheseareas’successshouldmainlyascribedtotheconvergencyofpersonsofability,butnotthemoneyormatters.Basedontheabove,thisthesisanalyzedtheinterplaybetweenthemanufacturingindustries’developmentandthelaborforce’squalitieswiththequalityoflaborastheIVresearchobject,byusingthetheoretical,experimental,positive,historicalmethodology.Thefirstpartofthisthesisisabouttheprefaceandliteratures,thentheintroductionofthehistoryofmanufacturingindustriesandlaborinChinainchaptertwo.Chapterthreeandfourarethemainpartsofthisthesis.Inchapterthree,theactionoflaborinputtomanufacturingindustriesareanalyzedbyeightqualitativepoints,namelythelaborproductivity,cultivation,demandinglevels,exteriorstimulation,workpressure,registeredpermanentresidence,composition,education,andtwoquantitativepoints,mainlyintheproductivity.Chapterfouranalyzedthereactionofmanufacturingindustriesdevelopmenttothelaborforce’squality,alsoeightqualitativeanalysis,namelytheindustrialpolicy,modernization,areadifference,industrystickness,organizationsocialization,globalization,employmentdominoeffection,knowledgeright,twoquantitativeanalysis,mainlyaboutthewageintegrationandgenderdiscrimination.Chapterfiveisabouttheconclusionoflaboroptimalallocation.Throughtheanalysis,thisthesisconcludedthatifwewantthemanufacturingindustries’rapiddevelopment,informationlizationandmodernizationcometrue,takingfulladvantageofthelaborlowercostisimportant,butthemoreimportantthingistoimprovethequalityoflaborforces.Firstlyweshouldreformtheexistingeducationsystem,buildingupthenewtalentexcavation,theoryinpractice,etc.Secondly,weshouldinductthegovernmentintothekingcraftoflabormarket’sdeparturebetweenpriceandmarketsystem.Thirdly,eachpersonshouldworkhardtoimprovethehumanrightcapitaldeposit,advancethetechnologyfetchandabsorb,acceleratetheinnovation,usethenewcomparativeadvantagetoreplacetheformersinglelowercostadvantage.Finally,thefirmsshoulddoattwoareas.Oneistodynamicallyestablishstimulationmeasurestomeettheemployee’schangingdemandlevelandacceleratetheenthusiasmandcreation.Theotheristoimprovethecomparativeadvantageofthewholefirmsandindustriesthroughtheimprovementofthedegreeofintegrationonindustriesandareas,andthefulladvantageofthecentralizedpowerofabilitiesconcentration.KeyWords:LaborQualityOptimalAllocationTheDevelopmentofManufacturingIndustriesHumanResourceCapitalDeposit_____11导论1.1研究主题振兴制造业是我国近年来提出的昀重要的发展战略之一，也是关系到我国经济能否再上一个新台阶的重要战略措施之一。能否顺利实现现代制造业的振兴，将直接影响到相当长阶段内我国经济的发展和“三步走”战略目标的顺利实施，也将直接影响我国梯度发展战略目标的顺利实现。改革开放20多年来，我国制造业飞速发展，不仅促使我国经济高速增长，而且对我国经济结构的转型、产业整体的提升、高科技产业的发展等产生了极大的促进作用，但其本身存在的诸多问题，如结构落后、产业集中度低、企业规模经济效益低下等制约了其进一步发展的空间。以至于从现有资本、技术、劳动条件和我国制造业发展的状态来看，中国之所以能成为世界上昀重要的产品加工和制造基地之一,主要原因正在于低廉的劳动力成本（还包括基础设施“瓶颈”的逐步消除、国内存在广阔市场等[1]，但都非主要原因），即庞大的劳动力绝对数量所形成的低劳动力成本竞争优势。但这一比较优势近年来却因为诸多发展中国家制造业基地的兴起而受到削弱。在发展中国制造业的其他条件（资金、技术等）无法迅速改善的前提下，就使得我们如果想更好地发展制造业，就必须对我国劳动力质量的改善进行研究。其次，已有的研究早已表明，技术提升和产业创新对制造业的发展至关重要，那么，作为技术物质载体的劳动力在其中所起的作用显然不言而喻。而且作为具体的产业，中国制造业从低端制造走向高端制造、从传统加工制造向高科技装备制造转移也离不开劳动力的具体参与。为此就有必要对作为技术物质载体和制造业发展主体的劳动力开展研究。昀后，尽管我国近年来许多地区都选择制造业优先发展战略，但到目前为止，只有东部地区，主要是长江三角洲和珠江三角洲地区的制造业取得较好的发展，而其他地区则无法发展或发展较慢，以至于形成比较明显的制造业区域差异。已有的研究主要将其归因于资本、技术或劳动力绝对和相对数量（或农村劳动力的流动问题）的差2异，从劳动力素质角度研究的则较少。实际上，尽管我国的东部地区存在较大的资本、技术、劳动力绝