读者批评论

Reader-responseTheoryThereareathousandHamletsinathousandpeople’seyesDefinitionOriginSomeImportantFigures(Variousmodelsofthereaders)AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofReader-responseCriticismApplicationsDefinitionReader-responsetheoriesseethereaderasessentialtotheinterpretationofliteraryworksinsteadofmeaning.Eachreaderisunique,withdifferenteducations,experiences,moralvalues,opinions,tastes,etc.Therefore,eachreader’sinteractionwithaworkisunique.Efferentresponses（传出反应）whicharefact-orientedandmayrequirereaderstopullanswersfromtheliterature,drawconclusions,andgenerateopinions.Aestheticresponses(审美反应)whicharemorepersonallyandemotionallybased,andmayaskthereaderstocommunicatewhattheyfelt,howsomethingmayhavelooked,whatwasinteresting,etc.WhenLate1960s–heydays(全盛期)in1970sandearly1980sModernreader-responsecriticismbeganinthe1960sand’70s,particularlyinAmericaandGermany,inworkbyWolfgangIser,HansRobertJauss,StanleyFish,J.Culler,NormanHolland.SomeImportantFigures(VariousModelsofReaders)W.Gibson:The“mockreader”createdbythelanguageasatheoreticalconstructisonewholistenstoandagreeswiththefictitiousauthor,oritistheroleplayedbytheactualreaderifhereallywantstoenjoythestoryheisreading.W.C.BoothCreatedreaderCreatedbytheauthoristhathisvaluesandbeliefsmustcoincidewiththoseoftheauthor’s.Fortheactualreader,thisimpliesthatheshouldagreetoplaytheroleofthiscreatedreaderinordertoenjoytheliteraryworkheisreadingtothefull.WolfgangIserImpliedreaderThereaderswhocreatethetextforthemselvesandhave“anetworkofresponse—invitingstructures”,whichpredispose(使易于接受)ustoreadincertainways.GaporBlank存在于文本中已经写出的部分向读者暗示或提示的语言和情节结构中。HansRobertJaussForhim,textualinterpretationislargelyaquestionofreconstructingthereader’s“horizonofexpectation”.期待视野(Readersunderstandandjudgealiteraryworkatagiventime.Itissubjecttohistoricalchange,sothatalatergenerationofreadersmayseeaverydifferentrangeofmeaningsinthesamework.)historicalreaderItisbaseduponthecentralnotionofthe“horizonofexpectations,”“thesetofcultural,ethical,andliteraryexpectationsofawork’sreadersinthehistoricalmomentofitsappearance.’’StanleyFish(斯坦利·菲什)Thetheoryofaffectivestylistics:arguingthatthemeaningofatextresidesnotintheformalconfigurations(结构)butintheexperienceofreader.ForFish,thisreaderissomeonewhoprojects,expectsandcorrectshisresponsesallthewayashemovesfromonewordtothenextinhislinearprocessingofatext.TheinformedreaderCharacterizedbythreenotablecompetences:⑴Competenceinthelanguageofthetext⑵Semanticcompetence⑶LiterarycompetenceJ.Culler(乔纳森·卡勒)TheidealreaderSomeonewhohaspossessed,orratherinternalized,theliteraryconventions,themasteryofwhichwouldenablehimtoperformliteraryreadingsacceptabletootherreaders,forsuchconventionsconstituteistheinstitutionofliteratureitself.N.Holland(诺曼·霍兰德)Onewho“worksexplicitlyfromhistransactionofthetext.”identitythemeForhim,literaryinterpretationisafunctionofidentity.ThereaderrecreateshisidentityinreadingthroughaprocesscalledDEFT(defense-expectation-fantasy-transformation).DavidBleich(戴维·布莱奇)Hearguesthatmodernphilosophersofsciencehavecorrectlydeniedtheexistenceofanobjectiveworldoffacts.Heregardsreadingasaprocesswhichdependsuponthesubjectivepsychologyofthereader.WhatAretheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofReader-responseCriticism?Reader-responsecriticismacknowledgesthatdifferentpeopleviewworksdifferentlyandthatinterpretationschangeovertime.However,italsotendstomakeinterpretationhighlysubjectiveandconsequentlydoesnotprovidesufficientcriteriaforjudgingbetweentwoormoredifferentinterpretationsofthetext.Itisoftenarguedthatreaderresponsecriticismallowsforanyinterpretationofatexttobeconsideredvalid,andcandevaluethecontentofthetextasaresult.Othersarguethatthetextisbeingignoredcompletelyorthatitisimpossibletoproperlyinterpretatextwithouttakingintoconsiderationthecultureorerainwhichitiswritten.ApplicationsLiteratureTranslationTeachingActivityTVSeries;Movies