英语词类及五大基本句型

英语词类及五大基本句型I.词类（共10类）词类缩写例词用法1.名词n.John，room主，宾，表2.动词v.stand，be谓3.形容词adjgood，interesting定4.副词adv.almost，bravely状5.代词pron.them，everything主，宾，表6.连词conj.and，but，because,that,while不做成分7.介词prep.near，from,in,on,at不做成分8.数词num.nine，first定，表9.冠词art.a，an，the不作成分10.感叹词interj.hello，oh,well不作成分II.五大基本句型英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由以下五个基本句式生成的：1.S十V主谓结构LiuXiaoqingmarriedagain.主语谓语状语2.S十V十P主系表结构LiuXiaoqingisanactress.主语系动词表语3.S十V十O主谓宾结构IloveLiuXiaoqing，butshedoesn’tloveme.主语谓语宾语主语谓语宾语4.S十V十O1十O2主谓双宾结构WangXiaoyusentLiuXiaoqingtwobighouses.主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语5.S十V十O十C主谓宾补结构Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.主语谓语宾语宾补说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语但常用的英语句子并不都像基本句型这样简短。这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）或句子（状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句）。下面重点介绍两种修饰成分：定语和状语。一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分之前。但是，不定式、分词短语或从句作定语时，则后置。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词/名词/代词作定语：Thenshehandedmeasmallringbox.Here'smyownsuggestion.介词短语作定语：WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?副词作定语：Theboythereneedsapen.Thelovelystudentsherearemainlylearningartandmusic.不定式作定语：Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.分词（短语）作定语：Mumnoticedmyquestioninglook.ThepenboughtbyherwasmadeinChina.ThereisagirlcalledXiaofanginthevillage.定语从句作定语TheboywhoisreadingistheonewhomIadmire.HefeiistheplacewhereIwasborn.二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等，在句子中的位置很灵活。副词（短语）作状语：Thankyouverymuch.分词（短语）作状语：Mysonstoodbytheroadside,waitingforme.Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly.不定式作状语：Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tomkeepsworkingwithoutstop.状语从句作状语：（详见状语从句）Whenwearrivedathishouse,hemadeussandwiches.三、同位语：同位语是对前面名次或代词加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：WeChineseshouldloveourmotherland.四、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。错句：Studyinghard,yourscorewillgoup.正确：(1)Studyinghard,youcanmakeyourscoregoup.或(2)Ifyoustudyhard,yourscorewillgoup.Game(being)over,hewenthome.Hestandsthere,book(being)inhand.独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：Withnothingtodo,hefellasleepsoon.Theteachercamein,withglassesonhisnose.句子成分练习题(一)(一).挑出下列句中主语的中心词①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.②Thereisanoldmancominghere.③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.(二)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.⑩Theydidn'tknowwhoFatherChristmasreallyis.(四)挑出下列句中的表语①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.(五)挑出下列句中的定语①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.②Whatisyourgivenname?③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.⑥Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(七)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语①Pleasetellusastory.②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?句子成分练习题(二)指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：1.Whetherwe’llgodependontheweather.2.People’sstandardsoflivingaregoingupsteadily.3.Thatwashowtheyweredefeated.4.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.5.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.6.Wearesurethatweshallsucceed.7.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.8.TherearemanyfilmthatI’dliketosee.9.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?10.Ihavealotofworktodo.11.AnywayIwon’tstopyoufromdoingit.12.Isaiditinfun.13.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.14.Shehadtoworkstandingup.15.Seeingthis,somecomradesbecameveryworried.16.Muchinterested,heagreedtogiveitatry.17.Thebusarrivedtenminuteslate.18.Weshouldservethepeopleheartandsoul.19.Springcomingon,thetreeturnedgreen.20.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.21.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.22.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.23.ItwasinthelibrarythatIcometoday.24.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.25.Weleftinsuchahurrythatweforgottolockthedoor.