REVIEW--the-end-of-history

TheendofhistoryiswrittenbyFrancisFukuyama.Thewriterbelievedthattheendofhistoryistheendpointofmankind'sideologicalevolutionandtheuniversalizationofWesternliberaldemocracyasthefinalformofhumangovernment.Insection1andsection2,thewriterinterpretedideologicalpointsofHegelandKojève.ThemainpointsofHegelisthatheproclaimedhistorytobeatanendin1806,becauseheconsideredNapoleon'sdefeatofthePrussianmonarchyattheBattleofJenaasthevictoryoftheidealsoftheFrenchRevolution,andtheimminentuniversalizationofthestateincorporatingtheprinciplesoflibertyandequality.Besides,heconsideredtheconceptofhistoryasadialecticalprocesswithabeginning,amiddle,andanend,anotheroneisthathebelievedthathistoryculminatedinanabsolutemoment--amomentinwhichafinal,rationalformofsocietyandstatebecamevictorious.AsthefollowerofHegel,KojèvebelievedthatthehistoryhasendedinthecountriesofWesternEuropebecausepeople’sdemocracyandlibertyhavebeenprotectedbylawinthosecountries.Insection2,thewriterbelievedthathumansocietycanbebuiltaroundanyarbitrarysetofprincipleregardlessoftheirrelationshiptothematerialworld.Itmeansthateveniftheideologicalworldhasbeenatitspeak,thematerialworldmaybestilldevelopindifferentforms.Insection3,thewriterpromoteedalotofopinionsofhisown,andthesearehismainpoints.Hebelievedinthecontextofmodernliberalism,fundamentalcontradictionsinhumanlifehasbeenresolved,whichmeansweinfactreachedtheendofhistory.BecauseheholdthebeliefthattheclassissuehasactuallybeensuccessfullyresolvedintheWestandtherootcausesofeconomicinequalitydonothavetodowiththeunderlyinglegalandsocialstructureofoursociety,whichallrepresenttheendofhistory.Besides,healsobelievedthatattheendofhistoryitisnotnecessarythatallsocietiesbecomesuccessfulliberalsocieties,merelythattheyendtheirideologicalpretensionsofrepresentingdifferentandhigherformsofhumansociety.Insection4andsection5,thewriterassumedthatthedeathofMarxism-LeninismmeansthegrowingCommonMarketizationofinternationalrelations,andthediminutionofthelikelihoodoflarge-scaleconflictbetweenstates,butnottheendofinternationalconflict.Idon’tagreewithhim.Idon’tbelievethathistoryhastobeended.Firstly,Idon’tagreewithhisthoughtthatthecontradictionsinhumanlifehasbeenresolved,eventheclassissuehasactuallybeensuccessfullyresolvedintheWest.AsIknown,therearestillmanyconflictinwesterncountries.Therearestillmanypoorpeoplewhoevencan’taffordtheirfoodandeducation.Somewealthypeopleliveinbighouse,somepoorpeoplearehomeless.Inthecontextofthis,howcanhesaythattheclassissuehasactuallybeensuccessfullyresolvedintheWest?Besides,healsostatedthatblackpovertyintheUnitedStatesisnottheinherentproductofliberalism,butisratherthelegacyofslaveryandracismwhichpersistedlongaftertheformalabolitionofslavery.Soliberalismisperfect,allgoodthingscomefromit,allbadthingshavenothingtodowithit?Wecouldn’tconsiderliberalismanddemocracyastheonlyprincipleoftheprogressofsociety.Thatistooidealistic.AndalthoughhereferredalottoChinaandtheSovietUnionandcommunist,hestilldidn’tfindtheessencerelationbetweenliberalismandsocialism.HejustthoughtthatMarxistLeninistcanneverreplaceliberaldemocracy.ButIthinkthatMarxistLeninistdevelopsverywellinchinanow.SoLiberalismisnottheonlymeasurementcriteria.Accordingtotheendofhistory,Ithinkhistoryisnotonlyaboutideology,butalsothematerial.Wecan’tsplitthem.Soiftheideologicalworldreachitspeak,butthematerialworldstilldevelop,howcanwecometoaconclusionthathistoryhasended?Ireallycan’tunderstandsomeopinionsofthiswriter.Basedontheabove,Ibelievehistorywillneverend.