简明英语语法

英语语法Lesson1动词的时态Lesson2情态动词Lesson3被动语态Lesson4虚拟语气Lesson5非谓语动词Lesson6简单句Lesson7并列句Lesson8名词性从句Lesson9定语从句Lesson10状语从句Lesson11it句型Lesson12倒装句Lesson1动词的时态动词时态一共有四大类，现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时，每大类又包括动作存在的四种状态，所以，英语中共有16种时态：一般现在时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时；一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时；一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时、将来完成进行时；一般过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成进行时。1一般现在时：HestudiesEnglisheveryday.IwatchTVeverynight.HeplaysbasketballeverySaturday.2现在进行时：HeisstudyingEnglishnow.IamwatchingTVnow.Iampreparingsupper.3现在完成时：HehasstudiedEnglishfortwoyears.Ihavewatchedthatprogram.Hehasmademuchprogress.4现在完成进行时：HehasbeenstudyingEnglishfortwohours.IhavebeenwatchingTVformorethantwohours.HehasbeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyears.5一般过去时：Heplayedacomputergamelastnight.Shecleanedtheroomyesterday.HeplayedbasketballlastSaturday.6过去进行时：HewasplayingacomputergamewhenIgothome.ShewascleaningtheroomwhenIwentshopping.Iwaspreparingsupperwhenshecamein.7过去完成时：HehadplayedacomputergameforanhourwhenIgothome.ShehadcleanedtheroombeforeIcameback.Hehadmademuchprogressbytheendoflastterm.8过去完成进行时：HehadbeenplayingacomputergameforawholeafternoonwhenIgothome.Shehadbeencleaningtheroomfortwohours.HehadbeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendoflastmonth..9一般将来时：Iwritemytermpapertomorrow.TomwilllearnChinesenextyear.Hewillplaybasketballthisafternoon.10将来进行时：Iwillbewritingmytermpaperthewholeoftomorrowmorning.TomwillbelearningChinesethistimenextyearinBeijing.Iwillbepreparingsupperat4o’clockthisafternoon.11将来完成时：Iwillhavewrittenmytermpaperbytheendofthismonth.TomwillhavefinishedhisstudiesinBeijingbytheendofnextyear.Iamsurehewillhavemademuchprogressbytheendofthisyear.12将来完成进行时：Iwillhavebeenwritingmytermpaperforamonthbytheendofthisweek.BytheendofSeptember,Tomwillhavebeenstudyingherefortwoyears.HewillhavebeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendofthismonth.13一般过去将来时：Hesaidthathewouldcometovisitme.Hesaidhewouldplaybasketballthefollowingday.14过去将来进行时：Hetoldmethathewouldbetakinganexamat9o’clockthefollowingmorning.ItoldhimIwouldbepreparingdinnerat4o’clockthatafternoon.15过去将来完成时：Ithoughtthattheywouldhavefinishedtheirtaskbythattime.Hepromisedthathewouldhavemademuchprogressbytheendofthatterm.16过去将来完成进行时：Iguessedthathewouldhavebeenworkingthereforalongtimebytheendofthismonth.HetoldmethatbewouldhavebeenlivinginBeijingfortwoyearsbytheendofthatmonth.Lesson2情态动词情态动词时用来表示说话人对一个动作或状态的看法、态度，即：说话人认为某事“可能”“或许”“应该”或是“必须”发生等。情态动词时有词义的，借助情态动词，可以表示说话人的“猜测、判断、允许、可以、指责、惊诧”等多种情感、态度。下面时12种情态动词的用法。1can/couldCanyouspeakEnglish?Youcansithereifonlyyoukeepquiet.Couldyoushowmethewaytothenationalstadium.Howcouldyousaysomethinglikethat?2may/mightYoumaystaywithusforawholeday.Thelittleboymayhaveafever.Shemighthaveknownthatnews.3must/havetoMustIhandinthepapertoday?No,youneedn’t.Youmustfinishtoday’shomeworktom.Wemissedthelastbus,sowehadtogohomebytaxi.4oughttoSheoughttohavecomeearlier.Yououghtnottogoouttoday.5shall/shouldYoushallstaywhereyouarenow.Youshouldtryitagain.Itissostrangethatheshouldhaveleftwithoutaword.6will/wouldWillyoucometohelpme?Wouldyoukindlygivemeyourtelephonenumber?Hesaidthathewouldnotdoitagain.7needYoudon’tneedtohelpus.Youneedn’thelpus.NeedIgoshoppingwithyou?No,youneedn’t.Lesson3被动语态语态表示句中主语和谓语动词的相互关系。当句子的主语时谓语动词表示的动作的实施者时，就是主动语态，即：某人做某事。当句子的主语时谓语动词表示的动作的承受者时，就是被动语态，即：某人（或事物）被……。只有及物动词才能用于被动语态的句子中。有些时态很少使用被动语态或不使用被动语态。下面时常用时态的被动语态、非谓语动词和情态动词的被动语态，以及被动语态的常用句型。1一般现在时被动语态Thislittleboyislovedbyallthepeoplearound.Heisalwayspraisedbytheteacher.2一般过去时被动语态Hermobilephonewasstolenonthebusyesterday.Thisareawasdestroyedbytheearthquaketwoyearsago.3一般过去将来时被动语态Hewassurethathewouldbeinvitedtotheparty.Hetoldmethathispaperwouldbefinishedsoon.4一般将来时被动语态Thisbookwillbefinishedintwoweeks.Whowillbeinvitedtoyourweddingceremony?5现在进行时被动语态Sheisbeingtroubledbythefinalexamination.Anewbridgeisbeingbuiltacrosstheriver.6过去进行时被动语态Thenewairportwasbeingbuiltatthattime.Mycarwasbeingrepairedinthegaragelastweek.7现在完成时被动语态Anewschoolhasbeensetupinthatremotearea.Tomhasbeendismissed.8过去完成时被动语态Hesaidthathissonhadbeensenttostudyabroad.Hesaidthatthedoctorhadbeensentfor.9将来完成时被动语态Thatfactorywillhavebeencompletedbytheendofthisyear.Twothousandcarswillhavebeenproducedbytheendofthismonth.10非谓语动词被动语态Herdreamistobeadmittedtoauniversity.Yourbehavioristobecriticized.Hehatedbeingdecoratedisanartmuseum.11情态动词被动语态Thismustbedoneatonce.Thepatientshouldbesenttothehospital.Thisquestioncanbeansweredevenbyachild.Thesehousesmightbepulleddownnextmonth.12被动语态常用句型Itissaidthathewillcometomorrow.Itiswellknownthatheisafamoussinger.Itmustbepointedoutthateveryoneshouldobeythetrafficrules.Lesson4虚拟语气英语有四种语气：陈述语气、疑问语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。其中，陈述语气和疑问语气时我们平常最主要使用的两种语气。虚拟语气一般表示一种假设情况，即所说的事与事实相反，或只是主观愿望，有时表示说话人语气的客气、委婉。下面是8种虚拟语气句型。1与将来事实相反的虚拟语气（指将来发生的可能性很小的事）IfIshouldhavetime,Iwoulddoitmyself.IfIweretoentertheuniversity,Iwouldmajorinpsychology.2与现在事实相反的虚拟语气IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthatposition.Ifhehadenoughmoney,hewouldbuyanotebookcomputer.3与过去事实相反的虚拟语气Ifyouhadarrivedalittleearlier,youwouldhaveseenyouricon.Ifyouhadn’thelpedme,Iwouldn’thavepassedthisexamination.4错综时间条件句Ifyouhadfollowedmyadvice,youwouldbeacollegestudentnow.I