新城市主义简介

AcrossNorthAmerica,andaroundtheworld,anurbandesignmovementcalledNewUrbanismischangingthewayourcitiesandtownsarebuilt.GivingPhysicalShapetoCommunityGivingPhysicalShapetoCommunityNewurbanistdevelopmentsarewalkableneighborhoods,ratherthanlarge,single-useplaceswithstreetshostiletopedestrians.GivingPhysicalShapetoCommunityNewUrbanismprovidesarangeofhousingchoices,fromapartmentsoverstorefrontstosingle-familyhomeswithyards.GivingPhysicalShapetoCommunityCareful,participatoryplanningensuresthateveryoneintheneighborhoodhaseasyaccesstothenecessitiesoflife,makinglifeeasierforkids,theelderly,andpeoplewhodon’twanttodrive.ResponsetoaProblemSinceWorldWarII,citieshavebeenspreadingever-outward.Stripmalls,parkinglots,highways,andhousingtractshavesprawledoverthelandscape.ResponsetoaProblemToomanyurbanneighborhoodshavebeenblightedbyoversizedhousingprojectsandcentralizedredevelopmentschemes.ResponsetoaProblemEvenoldersuburbshavesufferedasnewonescontinuetospringup,skimmingofftaxbase.What’sOldinNewUrbanismManyoftheplanningideasbehindNewUrbanismarenotnew.What’sOldinNewUrbanismUrbandesignhasbeenanartformillennia.What’sOldinNewUrbanismSinceAmericawasfounded,manyofourbest-lovedtownsandcitieshavebeencarefullyplanned.Whereit’sneededInfact,NewUrbanismguidesdevelopmentatallscales,fromthebuildingtotheregion.NewUrbanismisoftenassociatedwithnewtownssuchasSeaside,Florida.Whereit’sneededItincludessizableinfillprojectswithinexistingcitiesandtowns.LikeinBethesda,Maryland.Whereit’sneededOrNewUrbanismcanbesmallprojectsonindividualblocks,liketheblockon8thandPearlinBoulder,Colorado.Whereit’sneededItcanalsoapplytoredevelopedneighborhoodslikeParkDuValleinLouisville,Kentucky.Whereit’sneededNewUrbanismincludesgreenfieldprojects,alsocalledtraditionalneighborhooddevelopments(TNDs).Maryland'sKentlandsandLakelandsareamongthebest-known.Whereit’sneededNewUrbanistsalsotakepartinregionalplanning.InNewJersey,astatewideplanhasfocusedpublicinvestmentintoexistingcenters,andastatewidedesignguidelineishelpingkeepthestate’ssmalltownsvibrant.ThePrinciplesofNewUrbanismTheprinciplesoftheNewUrbanismaredefinedbyaCharter,whichwasdevelopedbetween1993and1996byabroadrangeofarchitects,planners,interestedcitizens,scholars,electedofficials,anddevelopers.ItwasratifiedatthefourthannualCongress,theannualmeetingsponsoredbyCNU.ThePrinciplesofNewUrbanismItsprinciplesaredividedintothreecategories:•TheRegion:Metropolis,CityandTown•TheNeighborhood,theDistrict,andtheCorridor•TheBlock,theStreet,andtheBuildingTheRegionFornewurbanists,theregionistheoverallcontextforallplanning.Thatmeansplanningmustoftencrosstraditionaljurisdictionallinesinordertocreateahealthyregion.TheRegionTownswithinaregionneedacomprehensivemetropolitanstrategyinordertoprosper.Eachtownshouldhavebothhomes—forpeopleofallincomes—andjobs.Thatway,residentsaren’tforcedtotravelfartowork.Eachtownalsoneedsadiscretesenseofplace.HomesJobsTheRegionNewUrbanismcallsfortownstodevelopintheappropriatestylefortheirsurroundings,whilerespectingtheirneighbors.Gainesville,FLBocaRaton,FLTheRegionTownsandcitieswithinaregionshouldhaveclearboundaries,contributingtoasenseofplace.Thelandbetweentownsshouldbepreservedasopenspace—wildernessorfarm-land.TheseedgesareasimportantasthecenterstothesuccessofNewUrbanism.TheRegionWilderness,farmland,villages,townedges,towncenters,cityneighborhoods,andcitycenterseachhavetheirownbuildingdensities,streetsizes,andappropriatemixturesofretail,residential,andotherfunctions.TheNeighborhoodDiverse,walkableneighborhoodsarewhatdistinguishNewUrbanismfromothermoderndevelopmentstyles.TheNeighborhoodTheword“neighborhood”getstossedaroundalotinrealestatebrochures,soitisimportanttobeclearwhatitmeans.Eachneighborhoodhasacenterandanedge.Thecentershouldbeapublicspace,whetherasquare,agreen,oranimportantintersection.TheNeighborhoodTheoptimalsizeofaneighborhoodisaquarter-milefromcentertoedge.Formostpeople,aquartermileisafive-minutewalk.Foraneighborhoodtofeelwalkable,manydailyneedsshouldbesuppliedwithinthisfive-minutewalk.Thatincludesnotonlyhomes,butstores,workplaces,schools,housesofworship,andrecreationalareas.TheNeighborhoodPeoplewithinaquarter-mileradiuswillwalktoamajortransitstop.Thosewholivefurtherfromatransitnodearelesslikelytobotherwiththetrainorbus.TheNeighborhoodPeoplewithinaquarter-mileradiuswillwalktoamajortransitstop.Thosewholivefurtherfromatransitnodearelesslikelytobotherwiththetrainorbus.TheBlock,Street,andBuildingIfthereisonethingthatreducesthelivabilityofmostpostwarsuburbs,itisthefactthatstreetsdonotfeellikepleasant,sharedspaces.TheBlock,Street,andBuildingInNewUrbanism,streetsaresafe,comfortable,interestingplacesforpeopletowalkandmeet.Buildingsopenontosidewalks,ratherthanparkinglots.Windowsanddoorsfacingthesidewalkmakestreetssafer,andmoreinteresting,foreveryone.TheBlock,Street,andBuildingNewurbaniststreetsusebuildingstoprovideacon-sistentandunderstandableedge.Thisaccommodatesbuildingsofallstylesandfunctions.Importantlocationsarereservedforgrand,attention-gettingbuildings;othersitesrequirebuildingstorespecttheircontext.Th