实验室生物安全

ExcellenceonaGlobalScaleLaboratoryBiosafety实验室生物安全ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS42Objectives目的Bytheendofthissessionyouwillhaveanunderstandingof须了解:Classificationsofbiohazardousmaterial危险生物材料分类Riskgrouppathogens病原体危险性分组–definitions定义Routesofexposure接触途径Barriersforcontainment隔离设施Methodsofdecontamination排除污染的方法ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS43Definition定义BiohazardousMaterials危险生物材料:Biologicalagentsorsubstancespresentin,orarisingfrom,theworkenvironmentwhichpresents,ormaypresent,ahazardtothehealthorwellbeingoftheworkerorcommunity存在、或产生于工作环境，可能导致群体或个人的健康危害的生物介质或物质ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS44BiohazardousAgents危险生物介质Classifiedintoeightgroups分为8组:culturedanimalcellsandthepotentiallyinfectiousagentsthesecellsmaycontain培养的动物细胞，并可能发生感染primatebodyfluidsandotherpotentiallyinfectedclinicalspecimens灵长类动物体液和可能传染的医用样品microorganismsincludingBacteria,Viruses,Fungi,RickettsiaeandChlamydiae微生物类包括细菌、病毒、真菌、立克次氏体和Chlamydiae等ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS45BiohazardousAgents危险生物介质Parasites寄生虫Allergens过敏原、tissuesfromexperimentalanimalsincludinganimaldander实验动物组织包括动物头屑plantviruses,bacteriaandfungi植物病毒、细菌和真菌toxins(bacterial,animalorplant)生物毒素（细菌、动物或植物）ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS46LaboratoryBiosafety实验室生物安全TwomainsourcesofBiohazardousmaterialinuseinmostLaboratories实验室常用危险生物材料的两个主要来源:PathogensusedandtestedforinMicroDept微生物实验室试验用病原体Biologicalfluidsamples(eg.Plasma,urine),submittedforchemicalanalysis用于化学分析的生物液体样品（如血浆、尿）ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS47LaboratoryBiosafety实验室生物安全TheriskgroupofpathogensasclassifiedbyWHO世界卫生组织对病原体危险性分组RiskGroup1Agents第一组介质Lowindividualandcommunityrisk低个体和群落风险RiskGroup2Agents第二组介质Moderateindividualrisk,limitedcommunityrisk中度个体风险，有限群落风险RiskGroup3Agents第三组介质Highindividualrisk,lowcommunityrisk高个体风险，低群落风险RiskGroup4Agents第四组介质Highindividualrisk,highcommunityrisk高个体风险，高群落风险ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS48RiskGroup1Agents第一组介质Non-pathogenicbacteria,fungi非病原体细菌、真菌Nospecialfacilities,equipmentorproceduresarerequired无需特殊设备或操作Standardwell-designedexperimentalanimalandlaboratoryfacilitiesandbasicsafelaboratorypracticessuffice标准的设计合理的实验动物、实验设备及满足基本安全试验操作Hand-washingfacilitiesmustbeprovided必须提供洗手池Disinfectantsmustbeproperlyused必须合理使用消毒剂ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS49RiskGroup2Agents第二组介质E.Coli,Salmonella,ringwormfungi,influenzavirus,herpessimplexvirus大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、ringworm真菌、流行性感冒病毒和单纯疱疹病毒Laboratoryseparatedfromotheractivities,biohazardsign,roomsurfacesimperviousandreadilycleanable实验室与其它活动分开，贴有危险生物标志，室内台面防渗，随时可进行清洁Equipmentshouldincludeanautoclave,certifiedHEPAfilteredclassIorIIbiologicalsafetycabinet实验设施包括高压灭菌锅、高效空气过滤器、一级或二级生物安全柜Allcontaminatedmaterialtobeproperlydecontaminated所有污染材料须经净化ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS410RiskGroup3Agents第三组介质Anthrax,tuberculosis,HIV,hantavirus炭疽、结核、爱滋和hanta病毒Specializeddesignandconstructionoflaboratories,withcontrolledaccessdoubledoorentryandbodyshower实验室须专门设计，双道门和淋浴Allwallpenetrationsmustbesealed所有墙体渗漏必须进行密封Ventilationsystemdesignmustensurethatairpressureisnegativetosurroundingareasatalltimes,withnorecirculationofair通风系统必须保证与周围区域一直呈负压，不可使空气再流通ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS411RiskGroup3Agents第三组介质AirexhaustedthroughadedicatedexhaustorHEPAfiltrationsystem空气排放须经过专用排气系统或高效空气过滤器系统Laboratorywindowssealedandunbreakable实验室窗户须密闭并不可击碎Backuppoweravailable应有备用发电机CertifiedHEPAfilteredclassIIbiologicalsafetycabinet经鉴定的高效空气过滤器二级生物安全柜Dedicatedhandwashingsinkwithfoot,kneeorautomaticcontrols,locatedneartheexit在出口处设有专门的可用脚、膝盖或自动控制的洗手池ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS412RiskGroup4Agents第四组介质Infectiousagentsareallviruses具有传染性的介质全部为病毒Ebolaviruses埃博拉病毒HerpesBvirus(Monkeyvirus)B疱疹病毒FootandMouthVirus脚和口病毒FootandMouthVirusExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS413RiskGroup4Agents第四组介质Highestlevelofcontainment最高级别屏蔽Representsanisolatedunitthatiscompletelyself-containedtofunctionindependently设立一个设备齐全的隔离单元，完全能够独立操作Facilitiesarehighlyspecialized,securewithanairlockforentryandexit设备专门设计，由空气锁控制出入ClassIIIbiologicalsafetycabinetsorpositivepressureventilatedsuits三级生物安全柜，正压通风Separateventilationsystemwithfullcontrolstocontaincontamination为全面控制污染物，采用单独的通风系统ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS414RoutesofExposure接触途径Themostcommonroutesofexposureare主要为:Oral口Respiratory呼吸Skinpuncture皮肤划伤Penetrationthroughunbrokenskin皮肤渗透Conjunctival结膜Vectors(mosquitoes,fleas,ticks)带菌者（蚊子、跳蚤、虱子）ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS415RoutesofExposure接触途径Respiratoryexposuresaccountfor65-75%ofallinfectionsforwhichacauseisknown.传染途径中有65-75%是呼吸造成的Itisthereforecriticalforpeopleworkingwithbiohazardousandpotentiallyinfectiousmaterialstoknowtherisksassociatedwiththemandtheappropriatelaboratorytechniquestopreventunnecessaryexposures.因此实验操作中接触危险生物材料或潜在传染性材料时，了解其危害，采用适当技术防止不必要的接触十分关键ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS416PrimaryBarriers第一道隔离primarycontainmentisthefirstlineofdefensewhenworkingwithinfectiousorganisms当工作中与传染性生物体接触时，第一道隔离是第一道防卫gloveboxes手套箱biologicalsafetycabinets生物安全柜animalcagingequipment动物笼养ExcellenceonaGlobalScale2020年3月OHS417PrimaryBarriers第一道隔离The