大学英语语法 第十七讲 定语从句

第十七讲定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词(如下表)功能作用用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose(=ofwhom)whose(=ofwhich)Heisamanwho(that)meanswhathesays.他是一个说话算数的人。(指人,作主语)Thepeoplewhom(that)youmetinthecampusyesterdayarefromEngland.你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。(指人,作宾语)Isthereanyoneinyourdepartmentwhosefatherisapainter?你们系里有谁的父亲是画家吗?(指人,作定语)TheyoungmanwithwhomItravelledcouldspeakEnglish.同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说英语。(指人,作宾语)Thebookwhich(that)youarereadingiswrittenbyacontemporaryAmericannovelist.你正在读的那本书是一位美国现代小说家写的。(指物,作宾语)Thebicyclethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。(指物,作主语)Note:what不能引导定语从句。考察下面一句:NimbostratuscloudsareAthickB,darkgraycloudswhatCforebodeDrain.(C项错。应改为which或that)2.使用要点1)关系代词的省略(1)作直接宾语时可以省略。例如:Theman(whom)yousawjustnowisourmanager.你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?我能为您效劳吗?Whowasthewoman(that)youweretalkingwith?你刚才同她谈话的妇女是谁?(2)在“there+be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如:Thisistheonlybus(that)thereistothatpark.这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽车。Theoldprofessormadefulluseofthetime(that)therewaslefttohimtocontinuehisresearchinthefieldofelectronics.这位老教授充分利用余年,继续他在电子学方面的研究。Note:①关系代词放在介词后作宾语时,不能省略。但介词位于句尾时,关系代词可以省新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书716第十七讲定语从句略。例如:Thisisthegirlwithwhomheworked.(whom不可省)Thisisthegirl(whom)heworkedwith.这就是同他一起工作的女孩。ThisistheroominwhichChurchillwasborn.(which不可省)Thisistheroom(which)Churchillwasbornin.这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。②who或whom的先行词有时可省略。例如:Whoknowsmostsaysleast.大智若愚。(=Hewho,anyonewho)Whoworksnotshallnoteat.不劳无获。Whoeatsmustpay.吃了就得付钱。Whomthegodslovedieyoung.Thisiswrittentowhomitmayconcern.(anypersonwhom)Whomarriesabeautymarriestrouble.(=Thosewho)Whoarethirstydrinkinsilence.2)如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面,不能用who或that,只能用which或whomThisisthequestionaboutwhich(不用that)theyhavehadsomuchdiscussioninthepastfewweeks.这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。Thepeoplewithwhom(不用that)heworkedthoughthewasabitstrange.同他一起工作的人都觉得他有点怪。3)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which(但something,everything或anything后,偶尔也用which)Pleasejusttellmeanything(that)youknowabouttheauthorofthebook.凡是你知道的关于本书作者的情况请都告诉我。That..sall(that)Icoulddoatthattime.这就是我当时所能做的。Thereislittlethatcanbebelievedaboutit.Shehasnothingthatisgoodtosay.Thebookdoesn..tsaymuchthatamuseschildren.Shehateseverythingthatismodern.Note:在“Itis+名词+定语从句+定语从句”结构中,后一定语从句要用that。例如:Itisonlyamanwhohasseenmuchoftheworldthatcanbealeader.只有阅历丰富的人才能当领导。Itisalwaysthemouthwhichtalkstoomuchthatarousestroubles.言多必失。Itisamanwhoishonestthatcandothework.只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。4)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that,不用which,who或whomHeistheonlypersonthatwaspresentatthetime.他是当时唯一在场的人。ThisisthebestTVsetthatismadeinChina.这是中国生产的最好的电视机。Nosamplethatwehavereceivedissatisfactory.Pleasesendusanyinformationthatyouhaveaboutthesubject.5)在非限制性定语从句中,不能用that,作宾语用的代词也不能省略TheHeavenlyLake,which(不能用that)isoneoftheworldfamousscenicspots,isonTianshanMountain.天池是世界名胜之一,位于天山之上。Therearethirtystudentsintheclass,themajorityofwhom(不能用that)arefromthecity.这个班上有30位学生,大多数来自城市。6)which可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)717一、关系代词引导的定语从句which还有一种特殊的用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思同andthis相似,并可以指人。例如:NewConceptEnglishisintendedforforeignstudents,whichisknowntoallofus.《新概念英语》是为外国学生编写的,这是我们大家都知道的。(which作主语)Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonour.她被授予一枚金质奖章,全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。(which作宾语)Helostthemanuscriptduringthewar,inwhichcasehehadtorewritethebook.他在战争中把手稿丢失了,既然如此,他就不得不重写那本书了。(which作定语)Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.她对孩子们非常耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。(which作表语)Itoldhimtogotoadoctor,whichadvicehetook.(指代部分概念)Don..tcallbetween12o..clockand1o..clock,atwhichtimeIamusuallyhavinglunch.Sheisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportanttoday.Hebelievesinself-reliance,whichideaIfullyagreeto.Shediedthreedaysago,whichIcan..tbelieve.(=whichfact,afactwhich)Jimwasseriouslyill,whichshedidnotknow.(=whichcircumstance,acircumstancewhich)Theybribedtheofficials,whichpracticewascommonhere.Thepresidentwaskilled,whichcircumstancewasveryserious.(=whichfact)Hehungaboutforhoursand,whichwasworse,keptmefrommywork.(which代表后半句的意思)Note:注意下面两种which的用法:Heissuretocomeunless(whichisimpossible)hehassomethingurgent.(which从句放在括号中,表示作出某种说明)Shesaid,“I..vedonemybest.”Whichwastrue.(which紧跟在直接引语之后)7)用作表语的关系代词(1)关系代词that可指代人或物,用作表语,仅用于限制性定语从句中。例如:Heisnolongerthesimple-mindedmanthathewasfiveyearsago.他已不再是5年前那个头脑简单的他了。Heissaidtobeeverythingthatanhonestmanshouldbe.人们说他具备了一个正直的人应有的一切美好品质。Itisnotaprofoundbookthatyouthinkittobe.(2)which可用作表语,既可指人,又可指物;指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。参阅上文。例如:Themoderncarisnolongerthecarwhichitwasin1930..s.(指物)Hewillbecomethemanwhichhisfatherwantshimtobe.他将成为父亲所期望的人。(指人)Sheisnottheselfishwomanwhichsheisgenerallyrepresented.(指人)ShelookslikeaRussian,whichyouarenot.(指人,非限制性,相当于ShelookslikeaRussian,whileyouarenotlikeaRussian.)Heisexactlythemanwhichsuchafamilywaslikelytoform.Shediditlikeaclevergirlwhichsheundoubtedlyis.她像一个灵巧的姑娘那样做了这件事,她无疑是一位灵巧的姑娘。新/世/纪/英/语/丛/书718第十七讲定语从句(3)w