美国文化课件13. Am-social movements in the 1960s

SOCIALMOVEMENTSOFTHE1960SBackgroundandDefinitionWhydidthesocialmovementsbegin?DuringthefifteenyearsbetweentheendofWWⅡandthe1960s,manyAmericanmanworkedhardtoachievetheirdreams.Butthreegroups---Afro-Americans,youngpeopleandwomen---weredissatisfiedwiththeirlives.Middle-classwhitewomenwerewell-educatedandhadtheopportunitytoworkinresponsiblejobsforgoodpayduringWWⅡ,butwhenmenreturned,everythingchanged.ManyyoungpeopleresentedtraditionalwhitemalevaluesintheU.S.society.BackgroundandDefinitionWhoworkedinthesocialmovements?Manypeoplewhobelievedthegovernmentandthesocietywerewrongjoinedoneormoreofthesocialmovements.Blackandwhiteyoungpeopleworkedinallthemovements,asdidmanymiddle-classwhitewomenandsomemen.Thosewhoworkedinthecivilrightmovementincludedolder,usuallymale,Negroleaders;blackandwhiteyoungpeople,somewhiteprofessionalmenandwomen,andsomewhitehousewives.BackgroundandDefinitionWhatisasocialmovement?Therearemanydefinitionsof“socialmovement”.Oneprofessorarguesthat“asocialmovementisatypeofbehaviorinwhichalargenumberofparticipantsconsciouslyattempttochangeexistinginstitutionsandestablishaneworderoflife.”Inotherwords,peopleworktogethertochangegovernmentpoliciesandsociety.Anotherprofessorsaysallsocialmovementshavetwobasiccharacteristics:“structureandspontaneity.”TheCivilRightsMovementThecivilrightsmovementbeganwhenblackpeoplespontaneouslyprotestedsegregationlawsandcreatedorganizationstomaketheprotestssuccessful.TheCivilRightsMovementThespontaneousactionofonewoman,RosaParks,wasbelievedtobethetruebeginningofthecivilrightsmovement,5yearsbeforetheGreensborostudents“sit-in.”Thecivilrightsmovementbegantospreadalloverthesouth.Asaresult,segregationwasbreakingdowninthe1960s.RosaParksThreeMainOrganizationsintheCivilRightsMovementTheStudentNonviolentCoordinatingCommittee(SNCC)TheCongressofRacialEquality(CORE)TheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference(SCLC):thestrongestleadership,headedbyBaptistministerMartinLutherKing,Jr.DirectActionTacticsCivilrightsactivistsfirstused“sit-in”tacticstofightsegregationandlater,“freedomrides”.Thenextimportantdirectactionofthethreecivilrightsorganizationswasvoterregistration.(MartinLutherKinggavethefamousspeech“Ihaveadream.”Toimprovetheracialrelations,theCivilRightsActwaspassedbyCongressandsignedintolawbyPresidentJohnsoninthesummerof1964.ChangesBlackleadersinsomepartsofthecountryspokeinfavorofblackseparatismandagainstnonviolenceinfightingdiscriminationandracism.(MalcolmX)ManyoftheSNCCmembersbegantothinkthetacticofnonviolencewaswrong.InJune1966,thefirstblackstudenttoentertheUniversityofMississippi,begana“marchagainstfear”,walkingallalonethroughMississippi.1968wasanotherviolentyear.RobertKennedywasassassinated.MalcolmXTheYouthMovement/Anti-WarMovementAfterworkingintheSouthduring“FreedomSummer”1964,manywhitestudentsfromtheNorthchangedgreatly,bothinappearanceandintheirattitudesandbeliefs.TheyhadlostrespectforauthorityafterseeingtheirfriendsbeatenandarrestedbySouthernpolicemenandsentencedtojailforlongtermsbySouthernjudges.Theygavespeechesaboutthecivilrightsmovement,aboutnonviolenceandtheneedtochangesocietyandworkedtogainsupportforthecivilrightsmovement.Theyoungpeople’s“FreeSpeechMovement”beganwithsuccess.TheYouthMovement/Anti-WarMovementAstheyouthmovementspreadoutsidethecampuses,someyoungpeopleformeda“counter-culture.”theyrejectedcapitalismandotherAmericanprinciples.Theyhadmoralsthatweredifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.Theanti-warmovementbecamemoreorganizedasaloosecoalitionofmanyorganizationsandleaderswasformedunderaseriesof“MobilizationCommitteestoEndtheWarinVietnam.”e.g.churchgroups,SNCC.TheWomen’sMovementThewomen’smovementinthe1960swasstartedbythreegroupsofprofessionalwomenandanaccident.ThefirstwasagroupofprofessionalwomenwhowereappointedtoaCommissionontheStatusofWomenbypresidentKennedyin1961.ThesecondgroupweremostlywhitehousewivesandmotherswhoreadBettyFriedan’sbook,TheFeminineMystique,publishedin1963.Thethirdgroupwereyoungactivistsinthecivilrightsandanti-warmovements.Theybecameknownasthe“women’sliberation”groupor“women’slib”.TheWomen’sMovementTheaccidentwasawordintheCivilRightsActpassedin1964.Thechangeswomenworkedforincludedchangesineconomicpractices,suchasequalworkandopportunityforjobs,andalsoinsocialpracticesandattitudeswhichwouldacknowledgethatwomenwerenotinferiortomeninintelligenceorability.Womenworkedhardinthe1970stochangethisimage.ConclusionLegalsegregationendedintheSouthasaresultofthecivilrightsmovement.SouthernAfro-Americancanvote.However,racismisstillaseriousproblemintheU.S.In1973,theUSsighedapeacetreatytoVietnamWar.Thewomen’smovementcontinuestogainmorerightsandopportunitiesforwomen.However,thenumberofwomeninleadershipisstillverylow.Thesocialmovementsofthe1960shadastrongeffectonthewaypeoplethinkandact,andcausedchangesinmanylaws.However,manyofthesameproblemstheyhopedtosolvearestillmajorproblemsinUSsociety.Discussion1.Whatwerethemajorsocialmovementsofthe1960s?Andwhoweretheparticipants?2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofasocialmovement?3.Drawanalogiesbetweentheb